ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online) @ S. PRABAKARAN, M. SENRAJ AND CRISTIAN C. LUCANAS

HALTERES, Volume 10, 1-6, 2019 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2620772

A new species of A/lacta Saussure & Zehntner 1895 (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae) from India

*S. Prabakaran!, M. Senraj? and Cristian C. Lucanas?

! Freshwater Biology Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Hyderabad - 500 046, India. ? Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai - 600 026, India. 7 Museum of Natural History, University of Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.

(Email: prabakaranzsi @ yahoo.co.in)

Abstract

A new species of Allacta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895, A. kalakadensis sp. n. is described and assigned to - hamifera species group. It differs from other known members of the —hamifera species group by the sexual wing dimorphism, pronotal and facial markings, and the structure of the male genitalia.

Keywords: Allacta kalakadensis; Cockroach; Diversity; Western Ghats; Wing dimorphism.

Received: 28 December 2018; Revised: 8 April 2019; Online: 9 April 2019.

Introduction

The Western Ghats of India is considered as a biodiversity hotspot, a region with high species richness with high percent endemicity, but with alarming degrees of threat (Myers, 1988; Bossuyt et al., 2004). Depite such high species richness, only 26 of 170 known Indian cockroach species are reported from Western Ghats, mainly from Karnataka (19 species; Prabakaran, 2010) and Tamil Nadu (7 species; Beccalloni, 2014). Recent collection trips to the Western Ghats have resulted in an array of cockroach specimens, including an undescribed species of Allacta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895.

The genus Allacta is differentiated from other Pseudophyllodromiinae mainly by the presence of pulvilli being only on the fourth tarsomere of all legs (Roth, 1993). Currently, it contains 42 species distributed in Tropical Asia and Australasia (Beccaloni, 2014). Despite the high diversity of the Western Ghats and the high number of Allacta species, Prabakaran and Senraj (2018), only recorded three species in India: Allacta crassivenosa Bolivar, 1897 [placed as incertae sedis by Roth, 1993], Allacta diluta (Saussure, 1863) and Allacta figurata (Walker, 1871). Here, a new species Allacta kalakadensis Sp. n., is described from Tamil Nadu.

Materials and Methods The material for the present study are based on recent collections from Kalakkad-

Mundanthurai survey of the Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India and specimens collected during night survey at Valaiyathu odai, Thirukurungudi Range, Tamil Nadu. Specimens collected. from light trap and the bark of Tamarindus indicus were preserved in 9096 ethyl alcohol. Genital segments were dissected and mounted on the permanent slide as described in Lucañas and Lit (2016).

Terminologies used for male genitalia follow Klass (1997), Li et al. (2018) for wing venations and Roth (2003) for other characters. The measurements and photographs were taken by Leica EZAE Stereozoom Microscope. Illustrations were made using Inkscape 0.92.3. The specimens used in this study are deposited in the collections of the Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai.

Taxonomy

Superfamily Blaberoidea

Family *Ectobiidae"

Subfamily Pseudophyllodromiinae

Genus Allacta Saussure and Zehntner, 1895

Allacta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895: 45 (Type species: Abrodiaeta modesta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 by selection); Roth, 1991: 996; 1993: 361; 1995: 51; 1996: 235.

Abrodiaeta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893: 13 (Types pecies: Abrodiaeta modesta Brunner von Wattenwyl by selection)

S. Prabakaran, M. Senraj and Cristian C. Lucanas

Pseudochorisoblatta Bruijning, 1948: 90 (Type species: Phyllodromia interrupta Hanitsch, by selection.); Princis, 1965: 151.

Arublatta Bruijning, 1947: 224 (Type species: Blatta punctata Walker, 1869 = Arublatta basivittata Bruijning, by monotypy.); Roth,

1991: 996. Compsosilpha Princis, 1950: 178 (Type species: — Chorisoblatta karnyi Hanitsch,

1923 by monotypy); Roth, 1996: 235. Euhanitschia Princis, 1950: 180

species: Phyllodromia diagrammatica

Hanitsch by monotypy); Roth, 1996: 235.

(Type

Diagnosis: Roth (1993; 1995) described the genus as follows: tegmina and wings fully developed or reduced in females as in (Allacta persoonsi Roth, 1995 and Allacta nalepae Roth, 1995). Hind wing with radial vein straight, apical triangle small or absent. Front femur Type B» or Bs. Pulvilli present only on the fourth tarsomere of all legs. Tarsal claws simple, symmetrical. Arolia present. Male genitalia with four major phallomeres; hook-like phallomere (L3) on the right side placing it under Pseudophyllodro- miinae. In females, ootheca not rotated prior to deposition.

The bifurcate L2, setal brushes on L2d, presence of median accessory phallomere, as well as the shape of the subgenital plate suggests its close relation to Sundablatta Hebard, 1929 and Pseudophyllodromia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865 (Roth, 1996), as well as, Tagaloblatta Lucañas, 2016. It differs from the said genera by the combination of the following characters: by the presence of pulvilli only on the fourth tarsomere of all legs (present on all tarsomeres in Pseudophyllodromia, while absent in Tagaloblatta), and fore femur type B (type C in Sundablatta).

Vrsansky et al. (2011) insisted on the close relationship between Allacta | and Supella Shelford, 1911, based only on external morphology (especially on the coloration of Supella (Nemosupella) and some hamifera — species group). Despite that, the internal male genitalia of Supella (as illustrated in McKittrick, 1964 and Roth, 1999): with simple and relatively elongate L2, distinctly separated L2d and L2vm, long elongate L3, and lacking median accessory phallomere, and the presence of a setose gland on the abdominal tergite 7, suggests a distant relationship between Supella and Allacta.

Distribution: Guinea and Queensland); (Beccaloni, 2014).

Australasia (Papua New Tropical Asia

Species incertae sedis crassivenosa (Bolivar, 1897)

Described by Bolivar (1897) as Ceratinoptera (Allacta) crassivenosa based on a specimen from Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India. Roth (1993) questioned the placement of this species in Allacta on the basis that Bolivar (1897) suggested that it is closely related to A. brachyptera Saussure & Zehntner and A. abbreviata Saussure & Zehntner, which are now placed in Anallacta Shelford (Blattellinae). Meanwhile, Wang ef al. (2014) listed 41 species in this genus, including crassivenosa.

Upon examination of the photographs of the syntype in the Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris website, the following characters were observed: Fore femur type C2, pulvilli present on all tarsomeres, and subgenital plate symmetrical or weakly asymmetrical. These characters clearly suggest that the species is not Allacta and is closer to either Balta Tepper or Supellina Bohn (Pseudophyllodromiinae). Closer inspection of the type specimen, particularly the structure of the tarsal claws and male genitalia, is needed to confirm this placement of this species.

-hamifera species group

Diagnosis: Roth (1993) described the — hamifera species group as follows: Pronotum dark with white or colourless lateral borders and or with pale central macula. Male interstylar margin V-shaped or incise with a lobe formed in the tip it appears keel like ridges found on the subgenital plate.

Remarks: Except for A. crassivenosa, Roth (1993) placed all of the known Indian Allacta sp. in the —hamifera species group.

Allacta kalakadensis Prabakaran & Senraj sp. n. (Figures 1 A- J)

urn:lsid:zoobank.ore:act:0CE7F1B1-C79E-

4CB1-84A5-2EE10A0524DF

Material examined: HOLOTYPE: 1 male, INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Thirukurungudi Range, Valaiyathu odai. (08.41078'N; 77.5566 E) 142.2m, 24/09/2018. Coll. R. Venkitesan & Party, collected in Light trap. (Reg. No. IB-542). PARATYPES, 3 males, 1 female, same location

A new species of Allacta Saussure & Zehntner 1895 from India

data as Holotype. Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (Reg. Nos. IB-543,544,545,546).

Diagnosis: The combination of the following characters separate the new species from all other known Allacta —hamifera species group: sexually dimorphic: males macropterous; females brachypterous, tegmina reaching up to the fourth abdominal segment. Vertex exposed. Pronotum subparabolic, with large pale central macula surrounded by brown borders, margin hyaline. Tegmina with a pair of brown macula. Profemur Type B3. Pulvilli present only on the fourth tarsomere of all legs. Tarsal claws simple, symmetrical. Supraanal plate transverse and narrow; paraprocts simple and symmetrical. Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical; with weak posterio-median invagination; styles simple, similar. Hook-like phallomere (L3) on the right side; median phallomere (L2) bifurcate, with setal brushes; accessory median phallomere present.

On the basis of coloration and interstylar invagination, A. kalakadensis sp. n. is placed on the —hamifera species group. This species closely resembles to A. interrupta (Hanitsch, 1925) and A. svensonorum Roth, 1995 from Borneo, A. figurata (Walker, 1871) and A. diluta from India, which all can be separated by difference in the head markings (A. interrupta with occiput pale, vertex with dark brown maculae which divides into two narrowing longitudinal stripes that Joins medially at the level of the antennal socket; A. svensonorum: head yellowish, with occiput and vertex dark brown with weak dark areas near gena and compound eyes; A. figurata: head yellowish brown, with occiput pale, vertex dark brown, with two longitudinal brown stripes separated by a narrow pale stripe reaching below the level of the antennal socket, weak dark areas near gena; A. diluta: face brownish, vertex brown; A. kalakadensis: face yellowish, occiput dark brown, vertex dark brown forming two longitudinal brown stripes ending just above the antennal socket and three dark spots between the antennal sockets, clypeus with dark marginal macula) and tegminal markings (A. interrupta, each with a pair of brownish maculae; A. svensonorum, hyaline reddish brown without distinct markings; A. figurata, each with a pair of reddish brown macula, the basal darker than the distad; A. diluta, each with a pair of brown elongated maculae fused in borders; A. kalakadensis, each with two distinctly separated large macula).

It further differs from the Bornean species by the structure of the male genitalia. Unfortunately, the male of A. diluta and the male genitalia of A. figurata have not been described, which Princis treated as synonyms. It differs from the female A. diluta in term of wing size (macropterous in A. diluta female, but brachypterous in A. kalakadensis sp. DÄ meanwhile it differs from A. figurata in terms of the pronotal (A. kalakadensis with larger pale central macula and thinner brown border than A. figurata) and facial markings (with two longitudinal brown stripes separated by a narrow pale stripe reaching below the level of the antennal socket in A. figurata, while vertex dark brown forming two longitudinal brown stripes ending just above the antennal socket and three dark spots between the antennal sockets, clypeus with dark marginal macula in A. kalakadensis).

Description: Size (mm): Male: overall length: 11.0 - 11.6; tegmen: 8.4 — 9.1; pronotum: length x width: 2.1 - 2.3 x 2.7 - 3.1. Female: overall length: 9.2; tegmen: 3.7; pronotum: length x width: 2.2 x 3.0.

Male (Fig. 1A): The interocular distance less than interantennal distance. Ocellar spots located above in the antennal socket. Head (Fig.1C) with brown dark patches from vertex to just above the antennal socket, with a medial, longitudinal light stripe completely connecting the dark patches up; the longitudinal light stripe with three separate dark dots; inner posterio-lateral corners of eyes, anterior margin and posterio- lateral corner of clypeus dark brown. 5" maxillary palpi enlarged, slightly shorter than 4" palpi.

Pronotum subparabolic in shape, with large pale central macula with dark brown border that reaches from anterior region to posterior region; pronotal margin hyaline. Front femur (Fig.1E) Type Bs: 5-6 proximal stout spines succeeded by a row of pilliform spinules of uniform length and terminating in 3 large spines increasing in size distally. Pulvilli present only on the 4" tarsomere of legs. All, except 4” tarsomere, with two equal rows of spines laterally. Tarsal claws simple and symmetrical; arolia present. Tegmina and hindwings fully developed, extending beyond the end of the abdomen; in the resting position hind wing goes beyond the tegmen. Tegmina (Fig. 1F) yellowish brown and hyaline, with pair of small dark macula and the anal field also covered by dark marking; mediocubital (M) longitudinal; claval branches (CuA) few, reaching the apical margin and remaining oblique.

S. Prabakaran, M. Senraj and Cristian C. Lucanas

Figure 1. Allacta kalakadensis sp. n.: Habitus of male (A) and female (B). Head of male (C) and female (D); profemur (E); tegmina of male (F) and female (G); hindwing of male (H); supra-anal plate (D; subgenital plate and genitalia (J). Acronyms: sg.p. — subgenital plate; st. — style; R1, R2, R3 — Right phallomere sclerites; L2d, L2vm — median phallomere sclerites; L3 — hook-like phallomere; L4 —

accessory median phallomere.

Hind wing (Fig.1H) with costal and subcostal veins clubbed with cross veins; radial veins branched after middle part of the wing, with 3 complete branches; the median vein straight and unbranched; cubitus vein curved with 4 complete branches. Abdominal terga ` unspecialized.

Supraanal plate (bg ID transverse, rectangular; paraprocts simple, similar. Cerci yellowish brown, darkens towards apex. Subgenital plate (Fig.1J) symmetrical with a pair of small bulbous and similar small styles directed towards the midline to the interstylar margin; interstylar

A new species of Allacta Saussure & Zehntner 1895 from India

margin extended ventrad forming a keel-like ridge. Genital hook (L3) medium sized located in the right side with a preapical incision, the median phallomere (L2vm) with greatly modified apex, with a curved sclerite (L2d) and lie under the median phallomere in the apex. The left phallomere have several irregular setal brushes with sclerites in the centre, in the apical part end with 4 spikes (RI). The accessory median phallomere (14) lies below the median phallomere, left phallomere, and genital hook.

Female (Fig.1B): Similar to male except: head with dark patches extending from vertez and ending in ocellar spot and frons with three mild yellowish black spot (Fig.1D); tegmina reduced (Fig.1G), reaching only up to 4" abdominal segment; hind wing very small; posterio-lateral corners of 3“, 4" and 5" abdominal segments with yellowish markings; cerci yellowish brown, darkening towards the apex.

Etymology: named after the type locality: Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Area, Tamil Nadu, India.

Known Distribution: INDIA: Tamil Nadu.

Remarks: Due to the distinct pattern difference between the male and female, it may be possible that they are two separate species, despite that, they are considered the same here on the premise that both were collected from the same tree. Additional samples would enable to check the color variations between sexes and additional molecular information might be needed to clarify this.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to the Dr. Kailash Chandra, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata and the Officer in Charges, Southern Regional Centre & Freshwater Biology Regional Centre, ZSI, Chennai and Hyderabad for providing the necessary facilities. Authors are also thankful to Dr R. Venkitesan Scientist-D Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai for collecting and providing the specimens.

References

Beccaloni, G.W. 2014. Cockroach Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0.World Wide Web electronic publication.<http://Cockroach. SpeciesFile.org> [accessed 27 November, 2018].

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Bruijning, C.F.A. 1948. Studies in Malayan Blattidae. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 29: 1-174.

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Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1893. Revision du Systeme des Orthopteres et description des espece rapportees par Leonardo Fea de Birmainie. Annali del Museo civico di storia natural di Genova 13(2): 5-230.

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Hebard, M. 1929. Studies in Malayan Blattidae (Orthoptera). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia 81: 1-109.

Klass, K-D. 1997. The external male genitalia and the phylogeny of Blattaria and Mantodea. Bonner Zoologische Monographien 42: 1— 341.

Li, X.R., Zheng Y.H., Wang C.C. and Wang ZO. 2018. Old method not old-fashioned: parallelism between wing venation and wing- pad tracheation of cockroaches and a revision of terminology. Zoomorphology 137: 519-533.

Lucafias, C.C. 2016. Tagaloblatta kasaysayan n. gen. et sp. (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae), a new minute cockroach from Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Laguna. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 10: 35-38.

Lucanas, C.C. and Lat, I.L. Jr. 2016. Cockroaches (Insecta, Blattodea) from caves of Polillo Island (Philippines), with description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 19: 51- 64.

Mckittrick, F.A. 1964. Evolutionary studies of cockroaches. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station

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New York College of Aericulture. Memoir 389, 197 pp.

Myers, N. 1988. Threathened biotas: “Hot spots” in tropical forests. The Environmentalist 8(3): 187-208.

Prabakaran, S. 2010. Studies on the cockroach Fauna of Karnataka. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 110(2): 109-110.

Prabakaran, S. and Senraj, M. 2018. A checklist of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattodea) from India. Version 1.0. Online publication available at www.zsi.gov.in.

Princis, K. 1950. Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India. Arkiv for zoologi (N.S.) 1: 203-222.

Princis, K. 1965. Kleine Beitrágezur Kenntnis der Blattarien und ihrer Verbreitung. "VIII. (Orthoptera) EOS. Revista Espanola de Entomologia 41(1): 135-156.

Roth, L.M. 1991. New Combinations, Synonymies, Redescriptions, and New Species of Cockroaches, mostly Indo- Australian Blattellidae. Invertebrate

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Roth, L.M. 1993. The cockroach genus Allacta Saussure & Zehntner (Blattaria, Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae). Entomologica Scandinavia 23: 361-389.

Roth, L.M. 1995. New species of Allacta Saussure & Zehntner from Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya, and Sarawak (Blattaria, Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae). Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 38: 51-71.

Roth, L.M. 1996. The cockroach genera Sundablatta Herbard, Pseudophyllodromia

Brunner, and Allacta Saussure & Zehntner (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Pseudophyllo- dromiinae). Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie 139: 215-242.

Roth, L.M. 1999, New cockroach species, redescriptions, and records, mostly from Australia, and a description of Metanocticola chritmasesnsis gen. nov., sp. nov. from Christmas Island (Blattaria). Records of the Western Australian Museum 19: 327-364.

Roth, L.M. 2003. Systematics and phylogeny of cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattaria). Oriental Insects 37: 1-186.

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Vrsansky, P., Cifuentes-Ruiz, P., Vidlicka, L., Ciamporm, F.Jr. and Vega, F. 2011. Afro- Asian cockroach from Chiapas amber and the lost Tertiary American entomofauna. Geologica carpathica 62(5): 463-475.

Walker, F. 1871. Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera, Saltatoria, in the collection of the British Museum. V. Supplement to the catalogue of Blattariae. The Trustees of the British Museum: London. 43pp.

Wang, Z.Q., Gui S.H., Che, Y.L. and Wang, J J. 2014. The Species of Allacta (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae) Occurring in China, With A Description of a New Species. Florida Entomologist 97(2): 439-453.

ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online)

@ G. MAHENDIRAN, MUDASIR AHMAD DAR AND SHAHID ALI AKBAR

HALTERES, Volume 10, 7-18, 2019 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2633828

Altica himalayensis (Chen), an emerging pest of temperate horticultural crops from Kashmir valley

G. Mahendiran', Mudasir Ahmad Dar? and Shahid Ali Akbar”

! Division of Germplasm collection and Characterisation, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bellary Road, Bengaluru-560024,

India.

“Department of Entomology, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar- 191132, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

(Email: kingakbaraliO gmail.com)

Abstract

Seasonality, host range, and biology of Altica himalayensis Chen are detailed. The species is one of the most dominant leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) found in the Kashmir valley. A major pest of Rumex nepalensis (locally known as Abuji), plant is used as a source of food, astringent qualities, and for dyeing purposes. During the present study the pest was also found to feed on Polygonium aviculare (new host plant) and adults were also found to exert considerable damage to a number of other major crops including, apricot, almond, apple, strawberry, and walnut. Updated checklist and taxonomic status of the genus Altica from

India is also provided herewith.

Keywords: A/tica himalayensis, Polygonium aviculare, pest, biology, Kashmir.

Received: 17 February 2018; Revised: 4 April 2019; Online: 11 April 2019.

Introduction

The family Chrysomelidae is one of the larger families of Coleoptera with more than 50,000 described species (LeSage, 1991). These insects are also known as flea beetles and constitute one of the most destructive phytophagous pests of agricultural plants (Kimoto, 2005; Aslan et al., 2007). Within chrysomelids Altica represents a large genus with more than 300 described species worldwide (Reid and Beatson, 2015). These beetles have gained prominence for their role as beneficial in the biological control of noxious weeds and as a severe economic pest of crop plants (Aslan et al., 1999; Warchalowski, 2003). They occur in huge numbers, altering plant succession in dynamic habitats (Bach, 1994). Most of the species are small, metallic blue-green-bronze and similar to each other, with very few reliable external distinguishing morphological features. Male genitalic structure, aedeagus is the most reliable character for species delimitation. The exact number of described species still remains

controversial. Presence of parthenogenetic populations and similar host plants cause considerable difficulty in defining the species limits (Laroche er al., 1996; Jenkins et al., 2009; Dóberl, 2010; Xue et al., 2011). The range of host plants of Altica species worldwide is enormous (Jolivet, 1991; Clark et al., 2004); five primary host plant families (Onagraceae, Rosaceae, Ericaceae, Corylaceae, Cornaceae) for Holarctic species of Altica have been reported (Furth, 1980).

One of the most dominant Chrysomelid species from Kashmir valley; A. himalayensis is detailed here. Zeya et al. (2003), Nasim and Shabbir (2012) and Bhat (2017a, b) have previously reported A. himalayensis as a major pest of R. nepaliensis (acetosa?)and prominent biocontrol agent against Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera). However, during the present study the beetle was observed as an emerging pest of horticultural crops from the Kashmir valley. The pest infest broad spectrum

G. Mahendiran, Mudasir Ahmad Dar and Shahid Ali Akbar

of temperate horticultural crops including apple, peach, cherry, apricot, almond, strawberry in addition to number of other previously reported host plants. The seasonality, biology and taxonomic status of the pest are detailed here.

Materials and Methods

Periodic monitoring of the pest was carried in orchards of Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (CITH) during the years, 2014-2016. CITH is situated at 33.59°N latitude and 74.50°E longitude at an altitude of 1640m asl. Specimens were collected by hand picking method. Weekly observations on the pest population were recorded using standard UC IPM, sampling protocols. Immature stages (eggs, larvae, and pupae) were collected and reared in biosystematics laboratory of CITH for studies on biology of the pest. Larvae along with their host plant parts, infesting leaves, flowers and buds were reared at room temperatures (18°C-32°C). For digital images, Prog-Res- Capture Pro v.2.8.0 evolution digital camera was used on the same microscope with Combine ZP- Montage software. Later, images were cleaned with Adobe Photoshop CS6. List of abbreviations and depositories are: TL: Type Locality; TD: Type Depository; NA: Not available. BMH: Bishop Museum, Hawaii; BMNH: British Museum of Natural History; MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard; SAM: Royal South Australian Museum, Adelaide; NMSE: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.

Results Systematics

Genus Altica was established by “Geoffrroy in 1762 for the type species Chrysomela oleracea Linneus (1758) and adopted by subsequent designations (Clark ef al., 2004; Doberl, 2010). As per Furth (1981) the genus name must be attributed to Fabricius (1775). The genus Altica is represented by nine species from India (Konstantinov and Vandenberg, 1996; Medvedev, 2004; Kimoto, 2005; Zhang et al., 2006; Dóeberl, 2010; Reid and Beatson, 2015). The updated checklist of the Indian species of the genus Altica is provided.

Genus Altica Geoffroy, 1762

Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808) Galeruca aenea Olivier, 1808: 646; TL: Java; TD: BMH, SAM

Taxonomic history: Haltica aenea: Heikertinger and Csiki, 1939: 247 (as synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt.); Altica aenea: Gressitt and Kimoto, 1963: 890 (as synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt); Haltica australis Blackburn, 1889: 1493; Weise, 1923: 109 (synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt.); Altica australis: Gressitt and Kimoto, 1963: 890 (as synonym of A. cyanea sensu auctt.); Scherer, 1982: 480 (valid species); Haltica ignea Blackburn, 1889: 1494 (type locality: Northern Territory); Reid and Beaton, 2015; Haltica bicolora Jacoby 1904: 182 (type locality: southeast New Guinea) Reid and Beaton, 2015; Altica jussiaeae Gressitt 1955: 34 (type locality: Palau) Reid and Beaton, 2015; Altica caerulea sensu Weise, 1923, nec Olivier 1791; Weise, 1923: 109; Altica cyanea sensu auctt. nec Weber, 1801; Maulik, 1926: 422; Altica corrusca sensu auctt. nec Erichson, 1842; Bryant and Gressitt, 1957.

Distribution in India: Jhansi-Chatarpur, Rishikesh (Reid and Beaton, 2015).

General distribution: Tropical Australia, Southeast Asia, West Pacific Islands of Palau, Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, (Gruev and Dóberl, 2005).

Altica birmanensis (Jacoby, 1896) Haltica birmanensis Jacoby, 1896: 254; TL: Burma; TD: MCZ, BMNH

Taxonomic history: Maulik 1926: 422 (junior synonym of A. cyanea); Altica birmanensis: Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: $890 (as junior synonym of A. cyanea); Takizawa, 1978: 78 (valid species, as A. birmensis); Medvedev, 2009: 24 (junior synonym of A. cyanea); Altica birmaensis [misspelling]: Scherer, 1969: 129 (as junior synonym of A. cyanea); Altica birmensis [misspelling]: Kimoto, 1972: 38; Haltica indica

Altica himalayensis (Chen), an emerging pest of temperate horticultural crops from Kashmir valley

Shukla, 1960: 80 (type locality India, Reid and Beaton, 2015)

Distribution in India: Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas (Kimoto, 1967).

General distribution: Vietnam, Taiwan, Timor, New Guinea (Reid and Beaton, 2015).

Altica bicosta Shukla, 1960 Altica bicosta Shukla, 1960: NA; TL: NA; TD: NA

Taxonomic history: The species was synonymised with A. brevicosta by Scherer (1969), however was recently advocated as valid species by (Reid and Beaton, 2015).

Remarks: Illustration of the dorsal view of the penis suggests that this may be a different species, not A. brevicosta (A. caerulea). As such Reid and Beaton (2015) have removed A. bicosta from synonymy with A. brevicosta and A. caerulea and suggest it be treated as a valid species. The species is so far reported only from Northwest India (Reid and Beaton, 2015)

Altica caerulea (Olivier 1791) Galeruca caerulea Olivier 1791: 590; TL: East Indies; TD: NMSE

Taxonomic history: Graptodera coerulea [misspelling]: Allard, 1891: 230; Haltica coerulea [misspelling]: Maulik, 1926: 423; Altica coerulea [misspelling]: Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963: 890 (misidentification, as Junior synonym of A. cyanea); Kimoto, 1966: 35 (valid species); Altica coelurea [misspelling]: Kimoto, 1972: 47; Haltica elongata Jacoby, 1884: 28 (type locality: Sumatra); Reid and Beaton, 2015; Altica elongata: Kimoto, 2001: 159; Altica brevicosta Weise, 1922: 110 (type locality: Luzon, Java, Canton, Darjeeling); Kimoto, 1972: 47 (jun. syn. A. caerulea); Medvedev, 2009: 22 (valid species); Dóberl, 2010: 493 (jun. syn. A. caerulea); Altica brevicostata [misspelling]: Kimoto,1965: 490; Haltica brevicosta: Chen, 1933: 51(see Reid and Beaton, 2015).

Distribution in India: Northwest Punjab, Mysore, Himalayas (Kimoto, 1967).

General distribution: Burma, China (Chekiang, Hainan I, Kwangtung), Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), Korea, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines (Luzon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (Gruev and Dóberl, 2005).

Altica foveicollis (Jacoby, 1889) Altica foveicollis Jacoby, 1889: NA; TL: NA; TD: BMNH

Taxonomic history: The species was treated as synonym of A. aenea (as A. cyanea) by Dóberl (2010). However Reid and Beaton (2015) advocate it as a valid species.

Remarks: Photographs of a syntype show that A. foveicollis is densely microsculptured, with costate and finely punctured elytra and the male genitalia illustrated by Scherer (1969: 130), and different host plants suggest the species to be distinct from A. aenea (Reid and Beaton, 2015). Hence is here treated as valid species. The paper of Jacoby (1889) is not available for any further remarks about the about.

Distribution in India: Sikkim, Himalaya (Kimoto, 1967)

General distribution: Kotbari (Pakistan), Comilla, Dhaka (Bangladesh) (Gruev & Dóberl, 2005)

Altica himalayensis (Chen, 1936) Haltica himalayensis Chen, 1936: 80; TL: NA; TD: NA

Taxonomic history: Haltica himensis Shukla, 1960, Agra Univ. J. Res., 9: 79 Kimoto and Takizawa, 1973, Kontyu, Tokyo, 41: 179 (=himalayensis); Altica himalayensis Chujo, 1966, J. Coll. Art and Sci. Chiba Univ., Nat. Sci., ser. 4: 556; Altica himensis Scherer, 1969, Pac. Ins. Mon., 22: 130 (see Reid and Beaton, 2015).

Material examined: India, Kashmir, Srinagar, CITH, 1640m, 1599, 2248, 07.iv.2015, 22.v.2015, 3299, 1734, 16.v.2016, 11.vi.2016 (coll. Mudasir Ahmad & Shahid Ali Akbar).

G. Mahendiran, Mudasir Ahmad Dar and Shahid Ali Akbar

Distribution in India: Meghalaya (Khasi Hills), Kumaun Hills, (Uttarakhand), Assam, Himalaya, N.W. Himalaya, Kashmir, Simla (Himachal Pradesh), Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Kimoto, 1967; Scherer, 1969; Editor- Director, 1999; Dóberl, 2003).

General distribution: Nepal, Bhutan, Taiwan, China (Tibet), Pakistan (Dóberl, 2003; Lóbl and Smetana, 2010; Nadein et al., 2012; Azad et al., 2015).

Altica viridicyanea (Baly, 1874) Graptodera viridicyanea Baly, 1874: 199; TL: Nagasaki, Japan; TD: BMNH

Taxonomic history: Haltica viridicyanea Maulik, 1926, Fauna India, Chrysom. & Halt., 422; Altica viridicyanea Ohno, 1960, Toyo Univ., Bull. Dept. Lib. Arts 1: 78, 86 (see Reid and Beaton, 2015).

Distribution in India: No specific state wise details provided (Chujo & Kimoto, 1961).

General distribution: Japan (Honshu, Sado L, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima, Tanegashima); Ryukyu Is. (Okinawa); Korea; Manchuria; China (Gruev and Dóberl, 2005).

Altica caerulescens (Baly, 1874) Graptodera caerulescens Baly, 1874: 190; TL: Nagasaki, TsuSima; China: Chusan; TD: NA

Taxonomic history: Haltica caerulescens Maulik, 1926, Fauna India, Chrysom. & Haltic., 421; Altica caerulescens Ohno, 1960, Toyo Univ., Bull. Dept. Lib. Arts 1: 79, 91(see Reid and Beaton, 2015).

Distribution in India: No specific state wise details provided (Chujo and Kimoto, 1961). General distribution: Japan (Honshu, Sado I., Ao-ga-shima, Hachijo-jima, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima); Ryukyu Is. (Amami-Oshima, Okinawa, Ishigaki, Miyako); Korea; Manchuria; China; Formosa; Taiwan (Gruey & Dôberl, 2005).

Altica spec. A (Doeberl, 2003)

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Altica spec. A Doeberl, 2003: NA; TL: NA; TD: NA

Remarks: Kashmir, Lake Anchar, IX- 16- 1985, leg. C.W. and L.B. O'Brien and probably represents an undescribed species (Doeberl, 2003). The species has been reported from Kashmir (India) only.

Study of type materials by Reid and Beaton (2015) signifies that all the common Altica species in the Indo-malaya have been misidentified. As such the A. cyanea of many authors should correctly be named A. aenea (Olivier, 1808), which is widely distributed (Kizub, 2016); A. cyanea Weber 1801, should correctly be applied to A. caerulea; The A. caerulea (Olivier, 1791) should be applied to the species generally known as A. brevicosta (Weise, 1922); A. birmanensis 1s a valid species but has been misidentified or conflated with A. cyanea.

Chen (1936) described the species under the name Haltica himalayensis. Chujo and Kimoto (1961) established valid name of genus as Altica from Haltica that was subsequently accepted by Scherer (1969); Kimoto (1967); Reid and Beatson (2015). Shukla (1960) described Haltica himensis as new species from N.W. Himalaya. The species was later treated as Altica himensis by Scherer (1969) and eventually synonymized with Altica himalayansis by Kimoto & Takizawa (1973). The species is well established in Indian Himalayan regions (Kumaun Hills, Khasi Hills, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan, Taiwan, Asia, China (Tibet) (Singh et al., 1986; Shah and Jyala, 1998). There is at least one established subspecies A. himalayansis japonica Ohno, 1960 confined to Japan and feeding on Jussiaea prostrata (Roxb.).

Description and diagnosis (Figs 1-5): Body more or less flat, medium sized, metallic blue to green with reddish or bronze sheen; head shapeoval, from lateral side convex; frontal ridge forms angular T—shaped ridge with head capsule along the anterior margin; antennae long, ] I-segmented, filiform, raised, contiguous, oval and well delimited from frontal ridge laterally and from each other by furrows;

Altica himalayensis (Chen), an emerging pest of temperate horticultural crops from Kashmir valley

Figures 1-5: Altica himalayensis: 1. Adult; 2. Abdomen ventrites; 3-4. Ventral and lateral side of male aedeagus; 5. Female genitalia with receptacle of spermatheca and cylindrical spermathecal pump.

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G. Mahendiran, Mudasir Ahmad Dar and Shahid Ali Akbar

Figures 6-12: Biological stages of Altica himalayensis: 6. Mating pair; 7. First and second instars; 8-9. freshly laid yellowish eggs, eggs about to hatch; 10. Larvae with distinct black spots; 11. Fourth instar;

12. Fifth instar.

orbital line present; inter-antennal space slightly wider than diameter of antennal socket, but narrower than transverse diameter of eye; eyes small; clypeus long, labrum typical; pronotum more or less narrow with ante basal transverse impression, legs covered with hair especially

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tibiae, tarsi and peritarsus; tarsi two segmented and bilobed peritarsus ending with long claw bearing two curved spines. Abdomen ventrites with diffuse microsculpture and with recumbent pubescence; aedeagus in dorsal view parallel- sided with a narrowly truncate tip; dorsal

Altica himalayensis (Chen), an emerging pest of temperate horticultural crops from Kashmir valley

surfaces slightly curved in lateral view, ventral surface almost straight; venter without a distinct transverse or oblique ridges; female: tignum long, basal part narrow with pointed tip, lateral arms narrowly triangular to threadlike, and apex broadly triangular; spermathecal collum of variable length; vaginal palpi short, conical with obliquely truncate apex.

Seasonality and biology (Figs 6-12)

The life cycle of A. himalayensis from Kashmir Himalayas is atypical for alticines. Two generations occur in a year. During the latter half of November as the temperature goes down the pest undergoes diapause (usually for 2-3 winter months). The first generation of the pest after diapausing, become active and frequent in occurrence from second week of March and highest pest densities are attained during the month of July. During the start of the new season and onset of spring (starting weeks of March till latter half of April), the pest infestation becomes most conspicuous on R. nepalensis, a herbaceous perennial plant. The pest feeds, mates and oviposits on the tender leaves of R. nepalensis plants. The pest quickly multiplies and within a month (from March to April) all the life stages of the pest can be found on the host plant. These larvae are also seen to migrate and infest strawberry plants and cause damage. Usually 4 or 5 larval instars were Observed. Pupation takes place in soil from first week of May and almost all the motile stages of the pest disappear by the end of second and third week of May. The second generation of the pest and the newly emerged adults from pupation are cited in the third week of June and onwards. With plenty of food available and conditions favorable, population increases. It is the second generation of the pest that infests major temperate horticulture crops and cause considerable damage. Larvae of the second generation are also seen actively feeding on the major fruit crops during July and the month of August. Pupation takes in the first week of September. Adult's emerges towards the end of September and beginning of October. The pest drops activity with very small population alive during the month of November and others diapause.

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Egg: The eggs are laid in loose clusters 6—14 in number, yellowish in colour, elliptical in shape (9-l6um length and 3.84.4um width) laid on underside the leaves of the host plant. Incubation period ranges from 7-12 days after which a small larva emerges out from the egg. Larva: Larvae appear distinct with the presence of dark tubercles and prominent blunt-tipped setae. Newly hatched larvae are about 1.370— 1.522 mm long and 0.431-0.650mm in width and mature larvae measures about 3.150—3.421 mm in length and 0.7—0.9mm in width. Pupation lasts for 12-15 days and usually takes place in soil. Larva is an external feeder and feed on leaves. Adult: The adults are small, shiny metallic blue in colour (4.201—5.321 mm in length and 3.310— 3.762mm in width). Males are slightly smaller in size than the female. The insect overwinters in the adult stage under the ground in cracks and crevasses.

On an average life cycle completes in 49-63 days. Adult longevity was recorded at 65— 71 days and with each stage (eggs, larvae, and pupa) lasts for 9—12, 28-36, 12-15 days respectively.

Damage (Figs 13-18)

The pest is voracious and defoliates the fruit trees resulting in reduced yield and less vigor of tree. Adults are highly gregarious forming swarms while larvae are an external feeder and feed on leaves. The adult and larvae feed together and skeletonises leaves leaving only midribs and few veins. This characteristic damage and large pest populations were found in all the orchards sampled. No threshold limits of the pest has been set so far, however it was found that 7-8 beetles/leaf can cause complete skeletonisation within 24 hours and in case of heavy infestations about 20—40 beetles were present per leaf. High incidence and severity rates were observed in case of heavy pest infestations.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Director, CITH and ICAR for providing necessary facilities and encouragements. The corresponding author would also like to thank Department of Science and Technology (DST),

G. Mahendiran, Mudasir Ahmad Dar and Shahid Ali Akbar

Figs. 13-18. Seasonality and nature of damage: 13, 15. Overwintering adults; 14, 16-18. Adult feeding on various fruit crops.

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ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online) HALTERES, Volume 10, 19-25, 2019 O JOSÉ ANTONIO NUÑEZ, PABLO JARRÍN-V. AND JONATHAN LIRIA doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3462982

Wing geometric morphometrics as a tool for taxonomic identification of two fly species (Diptera: Muscidae) of forensic relevance

José Antonio Nuñez, Pablo Jarrín-V. and “Jonathan Liria?”

! Department of Morphological and Forensic Sciences. School of Biomedical and Technological Sciences. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.

“Research Group on Population and Environment, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Napo, Ecuador.

"Center of Studies in Applied Zoology, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.

(Email: jonathan.liria @ gmail.com)

Abstract

The taxonomic identification of fly species through wing geometry is a helpful tool for entomologists and officials involved in forensic research, who not necessarily require expertise on insect taxonomy. Members of the Muscidae family are relevant sources of evidence in forensic entomology; however, developing countries often lack experts in the taxonomical identification of essential species for the assessment of aspects such as the minimum postmortem interval (mPMI). Our study proposes a low-cost, fast, and technologically-accessible quantitative tool for the identification of Atherigona orientalis and Ophyra aenescens, associated with human corpses at advanced states of decomposition. We propose a tool that is based on the geometric variability observed in eight homologous landmarks on wing veins and the interpretation of morphometric estimates after a generalized Procrustes analysis. The use of a geometric approach for effective discrimination between Atherigona orientalis and Ophyra aenescens was supported by statistically significant differences in wing conformation and size. The evidence presented in this study shows that the analysis of geometric variability in the wing morphology of species of forensic relevance can contribute to simple and objective species identification. Geometric morphometrics is a simple and readily available tool for forensic science.

Keywords: Muscomorpha, Calyptratae, forensic entomology, landmarks.

Received: 21 January 2019; Revised: 13 September 2019; Online: 30 September 2019.

Introduction

Bacterial activity drives physico- estimate the moment of death. The former chemical changes during the decomposition of authors also defined two common sources of cellular tissues in a lifeless human body, that information for postmortem interval attract scavenging species on specific brackets estimation. The first was based on the of time and at delimited anatomical parts of development of an individual insect, the host. The tempo and mode of corpse particularly blow flies (Calliphoridae). The colonization by scavenging species has an second was related to changes in the inherent ecological complexity, which is composition of insect communities in a corpse associated to the death, decomposition, and (succession). putrefaction of the human body, and which is The minimum postmortem interval the subject of forensic entomology. Several (mPMI) is frequently used in forensic factors further affect the decomposition entomology and allows the establishment of process. For example, the larger the volume time intervals between corpse discovery and and mass of the decomposing body are, the time of death; both are sources of evidence greater the abundance and complexity the that can be used to verify the testimonies of cadaveric entomofauna has (Matuszewski et witnesses and defendants. It 1s essential for al., 2016). Wells and LaMotte (2017) defined forensic procedures to understand the the term "forensic entomology" as all ecological succession, life cycles and activities associated with the use of insects to taxonomy of the species associated to corpses,

19

José Antonio Nuñez, Pablo Jarrín-V. and Jonathan Liria

mainly because the use of the entomofauna as evidence depends on various circumstances which are often specific to each investigative case (Keshavarzi et al., 2016). The presence of external and environmental factors, such as clothing and temperature, affects the mPMI due to the extended time that insects take to colonize the host (Matuszewski et al., 2016).

As active decomposers of corpses, members of the Muscidae family are essential to forensic science and are present in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Grzywacs and Pape, 2014). The large number of flies and the diversity of Muscidae species that are found in corpses at tropical regions requires significant taxonomical effort and entomological expertise, which is not always available to forensic cases in developing countries. Latin America has traditionally lacked the interest to develop new knowledge and technologies in forensic science that could be adapted to local conditions and which could use the available entomofauna as an indicator of time of death (Ramos-Pastrana et al., 2012; García-Ruilova and Donoso, 2015; Rodríguez- Olivares et al., 2015). Based on empirical evidence, Ramírez (2012) has remarked on the scarcity of experts in the study of Muscidae as indicators of the mPMI, which has a negative influence on the development of forensics in the South American region.

As is the case of Atherigona orientalis Schiner, 1868 and Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830), certain Muscidae species can represent considerable challenges for

taxonomy, despite their usefulness for forensics, as both species can be used as source material for fast and low-cost

alternatives for mPMI estimation, but due to their small size, these species are often discarded during forensic processes and analyses (Grzywacz et al., 2017a; Ren et al., 2018).

Other studies in forensic entomology have demonstrated the importance and benefit of using the morphology of scavenging species for taxonomical identification and the subsequent use of determined species as markers of the mPMI (Lyra et al., 2010; Vásquez and Liria, 2012; Nuñez and Liria, 2016a,b; Macedo, 2017). The wing structure in adults and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton in larvae have been shown to have useful information for taxonomical classification (Lyra et al., 2010; Vásquez and Liria, 2012;

20

Nuñez and Liria, 2016b). By employing homologous features in biological organisms, geometric morphometrics serves to quantify phenotypic variation and explore changes in morphological shape (Bookstein, 1991). Our study presents quantitative tools in geometric morphometrics for the identification of Atherigona orientalis and Ophyra aenescens, both species were proposed as relevant to the determination of the mPMI in human corpses at advanced states of decomposition.

Materials and Methods Specimens and data

Bovine meat was left to rot for five days. This advanced state of decomposition served as bait to collect a total of 64 specimens in Atherigona orientalis (n=32) and Ophyra aenescens (n=32). Individuals were classified into either of both species by taxonomic keys (Carvalho et al., 2002; Patitucci et al., 2013). We sampled for flies at an urban zone in the city of Valencia (Carabobo State, Venezuela, 10?13' 78" N and 68?00'32" W). The right wings of each specimen were dissected and fixed on microscope slides with Faure’s aqueous fixing medium and prepared according to the protocol by Martín (1994), which includes distilled water (50 ml), Arabic gum (30 gr), glycerol (20 ml), and chloral hydrate (50 gr). We photographed the 64 wings with a digital camera (Sony Cyber Shot 16.2) mounted on a microscope (Nikon Eclipse E100) and assisted by a tripod. We digitized each wing image on x and y coordinates with the TPSDig digitizing program (Rohlf, 2008). We established a total of eight homologous landmarks on wing veins, which correspond to type I landmarks according to Bookstein (1991) and named after the anatomical definitions by McAlpine (1987). These homologous landmarks (LM) were: intersection of the subcoastal cell with the wing margin (LM1), intersection between the R1 vein with the wing margin (LM2), intersection between the R, vein and the wing margin (LM3), intersection between vein Ruas and the wing margin (LM4), intersection of the cubital-median transversal discal vein with the median vein (LM5), intersection of the median vein with the transversal radio- median vein (LM6), intersection of the radial vein (R4,5) with the transversal radio-median vein (LM7) and intersection at the bifurcation of the radian vein at Rv, and R4,5 (LMS$).

Wing geometric morphometrics as a tool for taxonomic identification of two fly species

Morphometric analysis

We used a generalized Procrustes analysis on MorphoJ (Klingenberg, 2011) to estimate shape variables and centroid size (CS) from the landmark coordinates obtained from the 64 specimens. We subsequently used the shape variables for a discriminant analysis (DA) that provided insights on the quantitative classification of specimens into either Atherigona orientalis or Ophyra aenescens. Differences between classified individuals on CS were analyzed by a Kruskal-Wallis test, with a Bonferroni correction on PAST (Hammer and Harper, 2011).

Results

There were significant differences (x°=47.26, df=1, P < 0.001) on wing geometric size Atherigona orientalis (x=1294.83 pixels (px), sd=101.97 px) and Ophyra aenescens (x=1794.30 px, sd=98.33 px). As shown by the first function inferred from the DA, the shape of the wing, as quantified by the selected landmarks, is a significant discri- minator of both Ophyra aenescens and Atherigona orientalis (Fig. 2). The totality of studied individuals is correctly classified into their corresponding species on the first discriminant function. The first discriminant function on wing shape Is statistically significant as inferred by a Hoteling's T- square test (T°=2553.16, P«0.0001). An interpolation of the average thin-plate splines estimated for both O. aenescens and A. orientalis shows the main features that differentiate these two species in terms of the general geometry of the wing at the established landmarks (LMI-LMS8). The overall geometry for O. aenescens is much constricted or compressed than that for A. orientalis. In this same sense, the latter species has a broader and more squared wing than the former.

Discussion

Atherigona orientalis is a pantropical species, frequently found on forensic cases, and therefore the individuals of this species are relevant to criminalistic studies. Proper identification of this species is essential to the study of ecological succession on human corpses in urban areas of Venezuela and other countries such as Ecuador (Salazar and Donoso, 2015) and Colombia (Uribe et al.,

21

2010). Atherigona orientalis shows a preference for diverse substrates such as feces, entrails, urban residues, corpses, fruits, and plant organic material (D'Almeida and Pinto, 1996; D'Almeida and Almeida, 1998; Salazar et al., 2012). The presence of this species on laboratory rat corpses (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769), rabbits [Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758)] and monkeys (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) has been reported as early as the first day of death (Azwandi et al., 2013). This species has also been found in corpses at advanced states of decomposition, or that have been partially carbonized (Oliveira et al., 2014; Mashaly, 2016). Its presence has also been reported in Venezuela on pig corpses after the third day of death (Centeno, 2016). A. orientalis can be confused with A. reversura, the Bermudagrass stem pest, which was recorded for the first time in Argentina (Patitucci et al., 2016) and later in Brazil (Ribeiro et al., 2016). However, both species can be differentiated by the following characteristics: 1) In A. orientalis the wing r-m crossvein is beyond the middle dm cell, as well as beyond the intersection of the subcostal and costal veins. 2) In A. reversura the r-m crossvein is always present in the basal half of the dm cell and anterior to the intersection of the subcostal and costal veins (Ribeiro et al., 2016).

Ophyra aenescens is a widespread species, which is originally from the Neotropics. This species has been reported on human corpses during exhumation, therefore it is valuable for the study of taphonomic processes (Mariani et al., 2014) and mPMI estimation on corpses at advanced states of decomposition, regardless of season or time of year (Rocha et al., 2009; Battán et al., 2010). The presence of this species has been reported from Venezuela in morgues and urban zones of the Carabobo state (Nuñez et al., 2016). This species can be recognized from other members of the genus by the presence of yellow-orange palpi and a long and wide ocellar triangle, with a rounded apex that reaches the lunule (Carvalho et al., 2002; Patitucci et al., 2013).

As shown in the present study, the use of geometric landmarks on insect wings and the geometric assessment of biological shape allow for objective and accurate taxonomical identifications on quantitative grounds and

José Antonio Nuñez, Pablo Jarrín-V. and Jonathan Liria

Atherigona orientalis Ophyra aenescens

Frecuencia

Figure 2. Histogram of the first canonical axis after a discriminant analysis on the wing morphology of Atherigona orientalis and Ophyra aenescens.

5 = Atherigona orientalis m Ophyra aenescens

Figure 3. Thin-plate spline showing the average differences in wing shape between Atherigona orientalis and Ophyra aenescens.

22

Wing geometric morphometrics as a tool for taxonomic identification of two fly species

with an estimate of statistical error. For 13 genera of forensic relevance in the Muscidae family, the use of geometric morphometrics on wing landmarks can have a 99.8% taxonomic accuracy (Grzywacs et al., 2017b). Our study differs from Grzywacs et al. (2017b) in that we used a set of eight landmarks, instead of fifteen, and we also included size as a relevant factor; also, Grzywacs et al. (2017b) did not provide details on those landmarks which were more critical to establish differences between genera or species. Grzywacs et al. (2017b) used a relatively low sample size to represent four genera (Azelia, Graphomya, Mydaea, and Polietes), and this may preclude a robust estimation of the necessary covariance matrix for CVA/MANOVA, especially considering that sample size must often be larger than the number of analyzed variables. The differences in methods between Grzywacs et al. (2017b) and our research make comparison of both studies difficult.

As a tool, the taxonomical identification via wing geometry is an advantage to both entomologists and forensic officials who are involved in forensic research, and who do not necessarily require proved expertise on insect taxonomy. However, the use of quantitative tools for the taxonomical identification of entomofauna of forensic relevance should always follow an initial qualitative approach on taxonomy, often supported by taxonomical keys. Quantitative assessments of morphology are particularly necessary for genera such as Hydrotaea, Ophyra, and Muscina.

Quantitative tools, such as the geometric analysis of insect wings, could serve to evaluate the presence and magnitude of sexual dimorphism. An assessment of wing geometry through quantitative methods can also be used for determining the relation of morphological variation and community structure to environments and substrates such as corpses. The application of geometric morphometrics has been applied with success in the Calliphoridae and Piophilidae families, both groups have forensic relevance (Nuñez and Liria, 2016b; 2017; Sontigun et al., 2017).

The evidence presented in this study showed that the analysis of the geometric variability of the wing structure of forensically relevant species is a simple and affordable tool. This proposed tool can also contribute to the development of techniques and procedures

23

that will allow an objective and efficient estimate of the mPMI. Researchers in forensics should work together to construct a morphological database, which should include the largest possible collection of individuals and species of forensic relevance, including their morphological characteristics (e.g. wing photographs and landmarks), and associated geographic and ecological information (e.g. substrate avallability and preferred temperatures). This morphological database will allow forensic science in Venezuela and the Latin American region to develop methods and capabilities adapted to local conditions for efficient forensic processes. It is in this context that forensic science in Latin America must be strengthened on three fundamental aspects for effective use of entomofauna and the estimation of the mPMI, which are: 1) traditional taxonomy, 2) molecular techniques and 3) geometric morphometrics.

Acknowledgments

This research would not have been possible without the support of the Department of Biology and Department of Morphological and Forensic Sciences, University of Carabobo.

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ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online) € MOUMITA BHOWMIK, RAJMOHANA K. AND SUNITA P.

HALTERES, Volume 10, 26-30, 2019 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3464962

Some interesting observations on the parasitisation of Danaus chrysippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) by Sturmia convergens (Diptera: Tachinidae) from West Bengal, India

Moumita Bhowmik!, *Rajmohana K. and Sunita P.*

: Department of Zoology, Serampore College, 8, William Carey Sarani, Maniktala, Serampore, West Bengal- 712201, India. ; Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore P.O., Kolkata, West Bengal-700053, India.

(Email: mohana.skumar gmail.com)

Abstract

The tachinid fly, Sturmia convergens (Wiedemann, 1824) is one of the most important parasitoids, causing heavy mortality in Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758). The present work documents for the first time, the gregarious behavior of S. convergens in the host larvae. The parasitoid can very well complete its development within the larval stage of the host. A single host larva is capable of provisioning the full development of up to 8 larvae of S. convergens. The study also reports them as true larval and larval-pupal parasitoids of D. chrysippus on Calotropis gigantea (Linnaeus) Dryand, 1811.

Keywords: Gregarious, Sturmia convergens, Tachinidae, Danaus chrysippus, parasitoid.

Received: 10 January 2019; Revised: 13 May 2019; Online: 30 September 2019.

Introduction Insect parasitoids mainly belong to orders- Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera,

Lepidoptera and Neuroptera and they have a significant role in regulating the population of their host groups. Though the majority of parasitoids are hymenopterans, 21 families, with about 16000 species in Diptera are known to be parasitoids (Eggleton and Belshaw, 1992; Feener and Brown, 1997), Tachinidae being one among them. Tachinid flies are a bit larger in size to houseflies and have more number of bristles. They mostly have Lepidoptera as their major hosts, though a few attack Coleopterans and Hymenopterans too (O' Hara, 2008). Sturmia convergens (Wiedemann, 1824) (Tachinidae: Exoristinae) (Fig. 1) is an endo- parasitoid of the Nymphalid Plain Tiger butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ahmed et al., 2014; Gupta et al., 2015). They lay tiny black eggs on the leaf surface of the milkweed plant and are ingested by D. chrysippus caterpillars, along with the plant matter. The eggs hatch within the body of the caterpillar, and develop into larva. By the time

26

the host larva pupates, the fully grown tachinid maggot emerges out and readily pupates (Fig. 2) in soil or other suitable substratum and develops as an adult fly (Mathavan, 1975). The present work deals with some interesting aspects of parasitisation of D. chrysippus by S. convergens on Calotropis gigantea (Linnaeus) Dryand, 1811 in West Bengal. The work documents the gregarious behavior of the species for the first time and also reports A convergens as both larval parasitoids and larval pupal parasitoids.

Materials and Methods

A total of 39 larvae of D. chrysippus were collected by hand picking from a profusely branched C. gigantea plant at Howrah district, West Bengal, (22°35'34.55" N, 88°17'57.35" E, 12 m elevation), during the period of November, 2017 to March, 2018. The larvae were reared individually in small petri dishes, providing fresh leaves and buds from the host plant. The experiment was carried out under the prevailing temperature and relative humidity as indicated in Table 1. The longevity of the host stages and

Some interesting observations on the parasitisation of Danaus chrysippus by Sturmia convergens

parasitoids were recorded as in Table 3. Morphometrics of larval, pupal and adult stages of S. convergens were measured using ocular micrometer (Table 4). Host emergence and parasitoid emergence were observed and carefully documented (Fig. 2). Photographs were taken using digital camera, Panasonic DMC- FH2. The identity of the parasitoids was confirmed with the help of taxonomic expertise available at Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Table 1: Climatic parameters

Month Average Average Zitat: k ma

December | 21°C ae

18°C 68%

24°C 61%

January

February

Observations and Results

The present study documents S. convergens as one of the most important natural enemy of D. chrysippus. Overall, from the 39 caterpillars observed, 35 maggots of the parasitoid emerged from the hosts (16 from caterpillars and 19 from pupae) and among them, 29 successfully developed into adult flies. D. chrysippus caterpillars were most abundant during mid December 2017 to mid January 2018, the peak winter time and were seen pupating not only on the host plants, but also on the boundary walls, piled bricks, and also stumps and poles in the backyard, within 10m radius of the host plant.

During the first half of November 2017, a single caterpillar of D. chrysippus was collected on C. gigantea, which successfully pupated and

developed mto an adult butterfly. No parasitisation could be documented.

Later during mid-November to mid December 2017, twenty caterpillars were

collected, all of them successfully pupated and among the twenty pupae, only 3 developed into butterflies. From each of the remaining 17 pupae, a single maggot emerged making a hole

27

in the pupal case (Fig. 2). Of them 16 success- fully developed into adult S. convergens flies.

From mid December 2017 to mid January 2018, twelve caterpillars were collected, 8 successfully pupated and 4 of them emerged into adult butterflies. From the remaining pupae, 4 maggots emerged, one per pupae and all the four maggots developed into adult parasitoid flies. However, in the second half of February 2018, only 2 caterpillars were collected. From each caterpillar, 4 maggots emerged, rupturing the body wall. In total 8 maggots successfully pupated and developed into adult flies.

During March, out of the 4 caterpillars collected, 2 died and one developed into an adult butterfly. From the remaining one caterpillar, 8 maggots emerged (Fig. 3) and almost 30 minutes were taken for the total emergence. Only 7 of them developed into adults.

The entire mortality caused by the S. convergens on D. chrysippus has been represented in Fig. 4. The larval mortality and

pupal mortality of D. chrysippus by S. convergens have been 9.00% and 57.57% respectively. Discussion

Parasitoids are generally classified on the basis of the stage of the hosts they attack. When the parasitoid deposits its eggs inside the larva of the host and if the progeny after completing development, emerge from the host larvae itself, the parasitoid is termed a true larval parasitoid. If the same progeny completes its development late and emerge only from the host pupa, then it is a larval-pupal parasitoid. The present study reports A. convergens as true larval parasitoids as well as larval-pupal parasitoids. The exit time of the parasitoid from the host is ruled by the nutritional condition of the host for tachinids, though ecological factors could also be relevant (Cho et al., 2010). Since only a single maggot of S.convergens often emerged from the host pupa, they were documented widely as solitary parasitoids (Mathavan, 1975; Gupta ef al., 2015). The larvae usually exit the host body at the pupal stage of D. chrysippus since the parasitoid has to wait for that much time to get enough nutrition to complete its development

Moumita Bhowmik, Rajmohana K. and Sunita P.

(Mathavan, 1975). But S. convergens at two instances in this study were gregarious In the host larvae, since multiple individuals (upto eight) emerged from a single host caterpillar (Table 2). This parasitoid can very well complete its development within the larval stage of the host and apparently, a single host larva 1s capable of provisioning the full development of up to 8 larvae of S. convergens (Fig. 3). However, such instances are very rare, because

compared to the early instars, usually the chances of the tachinid eggs getting ingested by the host caterpillar is more by the late larval instars, when they feed voraciously (Mathavan, 1975) and the development of the larvae in such cases is completed only in the host pupae. Further the early instars are often inadequate in providing enough nourishment to the developing parasitoid, even if the parasitoid eggs start developing in them.

Table 2: Sampling data from November 2017 to March 2018

Sampling period No. of No. of |No. of adult | No. of maggots No. of maggots No. of emerged from |emerged from adult butterfly pupa | parasitoid

caterpillars | butterfly | butterflies

emerged caterpillar

collected pupae November, 2017 (First half) Mid November | 20 INI —! 2017 to mid- December, 2018

T

Mid December,

2017 to | (3 males,

January, 2018 1 female)

Mid January and | 2 8 (4 maggots

February, 2018 from each of the 2 caterpillars)

March, 2018 4 1 1 8 maggots from a single caterpillar

Table 3: Average duration of different stages and longevity (in starved condition) of S. convergens

Life stages Average time duration (days)

Larva ` 0. CE

28

Some interesting observations on the parasitisation of Danaus chrysippus by Sturmia convergens

Table 4: Average body size of different stages of S. convergens

Life stages Length in mm | Breadth in mm (Average + SD) (Average + SD) 9.87 + 1.44 5.17 + 0.95 7.66 + 1.32 4.81 + 1.06

9.55 + 1.23 3.84 +0.41

Figs. 1-3: Sturmia convergens 1. Adult; 2. Pupa of S. convergens along with host pupa with emergence

hole; 3. Emerged maggots and the host caterpillar.

20

Moumita Bhowmik, Rajmohana K. and Sunita P.

25

20

15

Numbers

10

P1 P2 P3 Study period

muNumber of butterfly larvae collected

Ss Number of adult butterflies emerged

—Number of natural deaths of butterflies during study

— Number of dipteran maggots from butterfly larvae

-- Number of dipteran maggots from butterfly pupae

Fig. 4. Host-parasitoid interaction between D. chrysippus and S. convergens

Conclusion

With several flies emerging out of the host caterpillar, the tachinid endoparasitoid, S. convergens can be gregarious at larval stage of the host, and cause very high mortality to D.chrysippus.

Acknowledgements

The second and third authors thank the Director, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), for encouragement and facilities granted towards this study. The authors express their gratefulness to Mr. Panchanan Parui, the retired Dipteran taxonomist of ZSI, Kolkata, for confirming the taxonomic identity of the tachinid parasitoid as Sturmia convergens. They are also thankful to Mr. Tridip Datta, for developing a graphical representation of the host mortality by the parasitoid.

Reference

Ahmed, K.N., Mohantal, L.C., Al-Helal, M.A. and Ghose, S.C. 2014. Biology of Sturnia convergence (Diptera:Tachinidae) parasitiz- ing monarch butterfly, Danaus chrysippus damaging Akanda (Calotropis gigantean) in Bangladesh. The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences 6(1): 37-39.

30

Cho, Y., Kim, Y., Han, Y.G., Kang, Y.K. and

Cho M. 2010. Ecological and morphological characteristics of endo- parasitoids on ` Elcysma | westwoodii

(Vollenhoven) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomological Research 40: 270-276.

Eggleton, P. and Belshaw, R. 1992. Insect parasitoids: an evolutionary overview. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 337:1—20.

Feener, D.H. and Brown, B.V. 1997. Diptera as parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 42: 73-97.

Gupta, A., Gawas, S. and Bhambure, R. 2015. On the parasitoid complex of butterflies with description of two new species of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Goa, India. Systematic Parasitology 92: 223-240.

Mathavan, 1975. Observation on the Mortality of the Monarch Butterfly Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) Infected by Sturmia convergens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Current Science 44: 15.

O'Hara, J.E. 2008. Tachinid flies (Diptera:

Tachinidae). pp. 3675-3686. In: J.L. Capinera, (ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2nd Edition. Springer

Netherlands, Dordrecht. 4346 pp.

ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online)

@ T. RAJAN, P.M. SURESHAN, P.G. KUMAR AND A.H. SHEIKH

HALTERES, Volume 10, 31-34, 2019 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3552178

New record of the Palearctic species Stigmus convergens Tsuneki (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Pemphredoninae) from India

*Tessy Rajan’, P.M. Sureshan!, P. Girish Kumar! and Altaf Hussain Sheikh?

! Western Ghats Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Eranhipalam, Kozhikode, Kerala- 673006, India. ^Government Degree College, Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir- 192305, India.

(Email: tessy.rajan3 O gmail.com)

Abstract

The crabronid wasp species Stigmus convergens Tsuneki, 1954 is newly recorded from India. A key to the

Indian species is also provided.

Keywords: Pemphredoninae, Stigmus convergens, new record, key, India.

Received: 2 January 2019; Revised: 1 October 2019; Online: 25 November 2019.

Introduction

The crabronid wasp genus Stigmus Panzer, 1804, consists of small wasps with petiolated abdomen. All the members of this genus are hunters of aphids. They burrow in dead twigs or rotten branches of certain shrubs and arrange several brood-chambers in lineal order. Sometimes the wasps utilize pre-existing cavities but may excavate their own nests (Tsuneki, 1954; Bohart & Menke, 1976). This genus consists of 25 species worldwide of which only one species is reported from India viz. Stigmus cuculus Dudgeon (Pulawski, 2018). In this paper, we are reporting Stigmus convergens Tsuneki, 1954, for the first time from India. This species is so far recorded from Japan, Russia and Korea (Tsuneki, 1954; Budrys, 1987; Kim, 2014). Further, Tsuneki (1971) described an additional subspecies viz., Stigmus convergens ami from Taiwan and Porter ef al. (1999) reported it from China.

Materials and Methods

This study is based on a single female specimen collected from the Heff village of Shopian district of Kashmir; three female specimens from Nowpora village of Anantnag district of Kashmir and a female specimen from Kanatal village of Tehri Garhwal district of

3]

Uttarakhand. The specimens are studied and photographed by using a Leica Stereo microscope model LEICA M 205A with LEICA DFC 500 Camera. The identified specimens are deposited at Western Ghat Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode (ZSIK).

Results Stigmus convergens Tsuneki, 1954 (Figs 1-9) Stigmus convergens Tsuneki, 1954: 33, 9. Holotype: 9, Japan: Hokkaido:

Akagawa near Kucchian (originally K. Tsuneki coll., now Hyogo Mus.).

Diagnosis: Female: Apex of clypeus deeply emarginate (Fig. 4); paraorbital sulcus absent (Fig. 2); pronotal lobe white (Fig. 8); head from above markedly convergent posteriorly (Fig. 6); head entirely smooth and polished (Figs 2, 3 & 6) mesoscutum and scutellum with bronzy reflection in certain light; mesopleuron except triangular furrows smooth and shining (Fig. 8); inner orbits of eyes roundly convergent below (Fig. 2); mesonotum anteriorly half-mat, disc scattered with somewhat large shallow indistinctly-outlined punctures (Fig. 6); petiole longitudinally sparsely carinate with irregular

Tessy Rajan, P.M. Sureshan, P. Girish Kumar and Altaf Hussain Sheikh

Figures 1-9: Stigmus convergens Tsuneki, female: 1. Body, in profile view; 2. Head, in frontal view; 3. Head, in lateral view; 4. Lower half of head showing clypeus and mandible; 5. Antenna; 6. Head and mesosoma in dorsal view; 7. Fore wing; 8. Mesosoma, in lateral view; 9. Metanotum, propodeum, petiole and second tergite.

32

New record of the Palearctic species Stigmus convergens from India

Distribution Map of EL LL species in [India

RE EE TG AA DA p^ 2, vla "n P y à x 4 RE PI LE À d ; Heft Village, id in Dist. Jammu Š Kashmir].

grAfghanistangs

HIN CHA A

Kg

UTTARAKHANDIN

k. e m / E JKanatal, Tehri Garhwal Dist. Uttarakhand} PE = 1

Go gle MyMapsy

rugulose punctures in between (Fig. 9); pygidial area very minutely rugulose, half-mat.

Colour description: Body black and shining. Following whitish yellow: mandibles except apex and palpi. Following whitish: pronotal lobe. Following testaceous: scape of antennae wholly and flagellum beneath, tegulae, last metasomal tergum and sternum (except base), ovipositor and ovipositor sheath, apex of coxae, trochanters wholly, base and apex of all femora, fore tibia, mid tibia except inner surface, base of hind tibia broadly and all tarsi. Wings hyaline, veins and stigma dark brown. Sides of lower front, clypeus, mandibles, mesopleuron in part and apical metasomal segment with sparse short pubescence, hairs on anterior margin of clypeus longer.

Length (up to the apex of second tergite): 2.28 mm.

Discussion: The nominate subspecies differs from Stigmus convergens ami in having: (1) on an average head more strongly convergent backwards, (2) petiole relatively shorter and (3) punctures on head and mesoscutum slightly more pronounced (Tsuneki, 1971).

33

ua um" w WO uite bn qu P e: CRUS XA cs

ku. A: ^

owpora ‘Tillage. AuentnagDist. Jammu & Kashmir DS AS O A (° Kan pra Valley, Kangra Dist. sac! Pradesh © * w Ze LA. * CELA zé NI ,

— Stigmus convergensTsuneki, 1954 (New Record from India

t Stigmus cuculus Dudgeon, 1903 . ZK ee, A * v j Cr AL ON "ëtt Umm VIN

Msi 4 l

“Bangladesh”

Myanmar (Burma)

Map data 82019 Google Im

Material examined: India: Jammu & Kashmir, Shopian district, Heff village, 1 female, 17.vi1.2018, Coll. Altaf Hussain Sheikh, ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV.11864; Jammu & Kashmir, Anantnag district, Nowpora village, 3 females, 4.1x.2015, Coll. Abdul Lateef Khanday, ZSIK Regd. Nos. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV.13006-13008; Uttarakhand, Tehri Garhwal district, Kanatal village, 1 female, 20.v11.2019, Coll. P. Girish Kumar, ZSIK Reed. No. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV.13005.

Distribution: India: Jammu & Kashmir (new record) and Uttarakhand (new record); Japan, Russia, North Korea, Taiwan, China.

Key to Indian species of Stigmus

1. Apex of clypeus deeply emarginate (Fig. 4); paraorbital sulcus absent (Fig. 2); pronotal lobe white (Fig. 8).................... S. convergens Tsuneki, 1954

— Apex of clypeus not emarginate, but truncate (as in Fig. 2 of Pulawski and Gracy, 2018: 334); paraorbital sulcus present on the frons (as in Fig. 1 of Pulawski and Gracy, 2018: 334); pronotal lobe black............ S. cuculus Dudgeon, 1903

Tessy Rajan, P.M. Sureshan, P. Girish Kumar and Altaf Hussain Sheikh

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. Kailash Chandra, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing facilities and encouragements. We express our sincere gratitude to Wojciech Pulawski, California Academy of Sciences for helping us with the confirmation of our species identification.

References

Bohart, R.M. and Menke, A.S. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world. A generic revision. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 1 color plate, IX + 695

pP.

Budrys, E.R. 1987. Poromme ocsi ponos Stigmus Panzer nx" Carinostigmus Tsuneki (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae), pp. 49-56 In: P.A. Lehr and N.A. Storozheva (editors), Novye dannye po sistematike nasekomykh Dalnego Vostoka. Dal'nevostochnoe Otdeleniye Akademii Nauk SSSR, Biologo- Pochvennyi Institut, Vladivostok. 144 pp.

Kim, J.K. 2014. Annotated catalog of the series Spheciformes (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from the Korean Peninsula. Journal of Asia- Pacific Biodiversity 7: 415-456.

Panzer, G.W.F. 1804. Faunae Insectorum Germanicae initia oder Deutschlands Insecten, Felseckersche Buchhandlung,

Nurnberg, 109 Hefte (= fascicles). Heft 95- 96: 1804, before October. Date of publication after Roeschke, 1912, Sherborn, 1923, reproduced by Taeger and Blank, 2006, and Evenhuis, 1997.

Porter, Ch.C., Stange L.A. and Wang H.Y. 1999. Checklist of the Sphecidae of Taiwan with a key to genera (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the National Taiwan Museum 52: 1-26.

Pulawski, W.J. and Gracy, R.G. 2018. Redescriptions of two Indian Stigmina (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) 64: 333-340.

34

Pulawski, W.J. 2018. Catalog of Sphecidae. Available from:http://research.calacademy org/ent/catalog sphecidae [Accessed 9" August 2018].

Tsuneki, K. 1954. The genus Stigmus Panzer of Europe and Asia, with description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Fukui University (Series II, Natural Science) 3: 1-38, 57.

Tsuneki, K. 1971. Studies on the Formosan Sphecidae (XIID. A supplement to the subfamily Pemphredoninae (Hym.) with a key to the Formosan species. Etizenia 57: 1-21.

ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online) @ IGOR YA. GRICHANOV, SHOREH REZAEI

HALTERES, Volume 10, 35-39, 2019 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3553175

A new species of Asyndetus Loew, 1869 from Iran (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

“Igor Ya. Grichanov‘, Shoreh Rezaei?

! All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, 196608, St.Petersburg-Pushkin,

Russia.

“Department of Entomology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.

(Email: grichanov @ mail.ru)

Abstract

A new species, Asyndetus fallahzadehi sp. n. from Fars Province of Iran is described and illustrated. A key to Asyndetus species of Iran and neighbouring countries is compiled for the first time.

Keywords: Asyndetus, new species, Iran, Fars, key.

Received: 15 April 2019; Revised: 26 November 2019; Online: 21 December 2019

Introduction The genus Asyndetus Loew, 1869 is a cosmopolite, with 110 species widely

distributed across arid and subtropical zones of all zoogeographical regions. Fourteen species are recorded from Afrotropics, and 24 species are known from the Palaearctic Region (Grichanov, 2017). Negrobov (1973) reviewed Palaearctic Asyndetus species. Subsequently Bickel (1996) redescribed the genus, and Grichanov (2013) reviewed the Afrotropical fauna.

Considering the genus Asyndetus, Iranian fauna is poorly known. Negrobov (1973) mentioned a specimen of A. connexus (Becker, 1902) identified by Becker and collected from Iran, but not giving original material. Nevertheless, Becker and Stein (1913) did not include this species into the first contribution to the Dolichopodidae fauna of Iran. Widely distributed in the Old World, A. latifrons (Loew, 1857) has been only recently found in the country (Kazerani et al., 2014). The faunas of adjacent countries are unknown (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, UAE), or each numbers only 1-2 Asyndetus species (Grichanov, 2017). Our recent Investigation has revealed three species of the genus in the Fars Province of Iran (Rezaei et al., 2019). Asyndetus albifrons Loew, 1869, and A. chaetifemoratus Parent, 1925 have been found in the country for the first time. The third species is described here as new for

35

science.

Materials and Methods

A new Asyndetus species discovered is described here, and illustrated with a ZEISS Discovery V-12 stereo microscope and an AxioCam MRc5 camera. Genitalia preparations have been photographed with a ZEISS Axiostar stereo microscope and an AxioCam ICc3 camera. Morphological terminology and abbreviations follow Cumming and Wood (2017) and Grichanov and Brooks (2017). Body length is measured from the base of the antenna to the posterior tip of epandrium. Wing length is measured from the base to the wing apex. The types of new species and other materials examined are housed at the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia (ZMUM), the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (ZIN) and the Department of Entomology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran (JIAU).

Taxonomy

Genus Asyndetus Loew, 1869

Remarks: See Neerobov (1973), Bickel (1996) and Grichanov (2013) for diagnosis of the genus Asyndetus. Males differ from females usually in such male secondary sexual characters (MSSC) as densely pollinose frons

Igor Ya. Grichanov, Shoreh Rezaei

and face, absence of claws on all or some tarsi, enlarged pulvilli on all or some tarsi, sometimes modified tarsomeres, elongate ventral setae on all or some femora.

Asyndetus fallahzadehi Grichanov sp. n. (Figs. 1—5)

urn:lsid:zoobank.ore:act:F85B914C3-7FE2- 413F-BEBD-F4A4239ED19B

Description: Male (Fig. 1): Head (Fig. 2): Frons bronze-black, densely whitish grey pollinose; face shining greenish blue, densely white pollinose (MSSC), broad, weakly narrowed, slightly higher than wide under antennae (20/15); occiput concave, violet- black, grey pollinose; pair of long ocellar, pair of long vertical, and pair of shorter postvertical bristles; postocular setae relatively short, uniserial, black above, whitish below; lower postcranium with several long white setae; eyes with microscopic white hairs. Antennae inserted in about middle of head, black, as long as height of head; scape long, bare; pedicel covered with dorsal and ventral setulae, with short inner projection distally; postpedicel subtriangular, with right-angular apex, as long as high, covered with short hairs; arista-like stylus mid-dorsal, with microscopic hairs; length ratio of scape to pedicel to postpedicel to stylus, 11/9/11/47. Palpus short, yellow, with several hairs and 2 black apical setae; proboscis short, black, with short black hairs.

Thorax: Mesonotum metallic greenish blue; pleura violet-green, weakly pollinose; four pairs of dorsocentral bristles; acrostichals biserial, small, 3 or 4 pairs; scutellum with two long strong setae and two short lateral hairs. Legs: Coxae mainly black, with yellow ventral apices; legs mainly yellow; fore femur often brownish dorsally; mid femur often brown in middle; hind femur blackish on distal half or third; hind tibia dark at apex; fore and mid tarsi black from apex of basitarsus; hind tarsus black except base of basitarsus yellow; fore coxa anteriorly with black hairs and setae of various length; mid coxa with black setae anteriorly and apically; mid and hind coxae with black external seta; fore femur with about 5 posteroventral setae on distal half, about as long as femur diameter (MSSC); mid femur with short setulae, with at most 2 ventral setae,

36

half as long as femur diameter; hind femur with double row of 3 to 5 fine ventral setae, about as long as femur diameter (MSSC) and 2 or 3 fine subapical anterior setae; fore tibia without conspicuous setae; mid tibia with 2 long anterodorsal, 2 short posterodorsal bristles; hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal, 3-5 posterodorsal bristles; all tibiae with apical setae; fore tarsus with 1 claw, with 2 enlarged pulvilli (MSSC); other tarsi simple, with short claws and small pulvilli; podomeres (from tibia to fifth tarsomere) length ratio (in mm): fore leg: 0.73/0.47/0.20/0.16/0.12/0.10, mid leg: 0.81/0.52/0.25/0.18/0.13/0.11, hind leg: 1.06/0.33/0.29/0.17/0.12 /0.12.

Wing (Fig. 3): Hyaline, veins brown; R; ending at basal 1/3 of wing; ratio of costal section between R>»,3 and R45 to that between R45 and Mi. 28/39. R. and Rays straight; Mi, with bend in middle of apical part, strongly weakened at bend and somewhat weakened in apical part; section of My. between posterior cross-vein (dm-m) and bend slightly longer than that between bend and wing margin (80/73); dm-m located before level of Ry; ratio of apical portion of M, to dm- m, 97/12; anal vein distinct, anal lobe well developed, anal angle right; calypter yellow, with simple yellow cilia; halter yellow. Abdomen: Black, with black setation; sterna 4- 5 developed, setose; tergum Ó glabrous; sternum 6 and segment 7 reduced; segment 8 large, rounded, with four strong black bristles; hypopygium (Fig. 4) black, small, partly concealed; epandrium flattened laterally, with left lateral foramen; hypandrium fused with epandrium, simple, short, triangular (ventral aspect); phallus long and thin, simple; a pair of long symmetrical epandrial lobes originating near base of hypandrium, broad at base, narrow on apical half, with 2 setae on rounded apex and 1 pedunculate seta at base; surstylus bilobate, more or less straight, narrow; ventral lobe of surstylus slightly curved, bearing some short setulae and one strong middorsal seta; dorsal lobe half as long as ventral lobe, bearing short apical seta; postgonite narrow, curved ventrally, reaching apex of dorsal lobe of surstylus; cercus black, small, rounded, bearing short black setae.

Measurements (mm): Body length in ethanol 2.5-2.6, wing length/width 2.3/0.9, antenna length 0.6.

A new species of Asyndetus Loew, 1869 from Iran (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

Figs. 1-5. Asyndetus fallahzadehi Grichanov, sp. n. (in ethanol): 1. Male habitus; 2. Head; 3. Wing; 4. Hypopygium, lateral view (after maceration); 5. Female habitus.

Female (Fig. 5): Similar to male except lacking MSSC. Femora entirely yellow. Podomeres (from tibia to fifth tarsomere)

length ratio (in mm) fore leg: 0.78/0.45/0.17/0.15/0.11/0.11, mid leg: 0.98/0.58/0.24/0.20/0.11/0.11, ^ hind leg:

1.19/0.38/0.31/0.20/0.12 /0.12. Measurements (mm): Body length in ethanol 3.0, wing length/width 2.5/1.0.

Material examined: Holotype: <3, Iran: Fars, Province, Larestan, 30.1119.1v.2018, 54?26'1.36"E, 2731'55.4"N, leg. Shoreh Rezaei [ZMUM ; dried and mounted on pin].

Paratypes (in ethanol): 14, Dalin, 52°07'54.7"E, 30?02'15.0"N, 1—7.v.2018; 24, same data, 1—7.v.2018; 29, same data, 8— 14.v.2018; 19, same data, 15—21.v.2018; 64, 19, Dashtee Arzhan, 51?59'3.439"E, 29°39'39.047"N, 24-30.iv.2018; 24, 29, same data, 1—7.v.2018; 14, same data, 8—14.v.2018;

37

43, same data, 15-21.v.2018; 24, 19, same data, 22-28.v.2018; 63, 109, Larestan, 30.111.2018—9.iv.2018, 54°59'2.3"E, 27?32'6.7 "N; 26, 49, Larestan, 30.iii-9.iv.2018, 54°26'1.36"E, 27°31'55.4"N; 74, 19, same data, 10—20.iv.2018; 24, same data, 21— 30.iv.2018; 19, same data, 1-11.v.2018; 14, same data, 12-21.v.2018; 14, Shiraz, 52°28'9.147"E, 29°36'52.373"N, 24— 30.iv.2018; 24, same data, 1—7.v.2018; 24, 29, same data, 8—14.v.2018. [same collector; JIAU, ZIN, ZMUM; 14 in glycerol, mounted in vial on pin; 19 dried and mounted on pin].

Diagnosis: The new species is close to Asyndetus chaetifemoratus Parent, 1925, and A. albifacies Parent, 1929 (Negrobov, 1973; Grichanov, 2013), differing from these species in mainly yellow femora in male and entirely yellow femora in female; male fore femur often brownish dorsally; mid femur often

Igor Ya. Grichanov, Shoreh Rezaei

brown in middle; hind femur blackish on distal half or third. Femora are mostly dark in A. chaetifemoratus and A. albifacies. In addition, in male A. chaetifemoratus, all femora have complete rows of long ventral setae, at least as long as femur diameter; anterior tibia has short, but strong posteroventral seta at distal 1/5. Male A. albifacies has no long ventral setae on anterior tibia, bearing two complete ventral rows of long setae on hind tibia. In contrast, A. fallahzadehi sp. n. males bear relatively short ventral setae on fore and hind femora, about half as long as corresponding femur diameter.

Etymology: This species is named in honor of Iranian entomologist Dr. Majid Fallahzadeh (Department of Entomology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom).

Key to Asyndetus species of Iran and neighbouring countries (males only)

keck

. Wing vein dm-m absent ...................... 2

Wing vein dm-m present ....................... 4

2. Apical part of M,,> distinctly broken; coxae

and femora dark; 1.7-2.2mm.........A. separatus (Becker)

— Mi, not broken, only attenuated, often

faded; anterior coxa and all femora yellow............. EE Ma A s de Antenna ` Jon eer than face height;

postpedicel distinctly longer than high; 1.5- 2.3mm...............A. longicornis Negrobov

— Antenna shorter than face height; postpedicel not ac than high; 2.0mm

; A. connexus (Becker)

4, Palpus dark .. E a b ae oe o de tte) — Palpus yellow .. le AE, edn eo 5. Male posterior tibia with 1 row of very long black ventral setae along entire length; M142 stepwise broken; 2.25mm....A. varus Loew

— Posterior tibia without row of long ventral setae.. CR p mw E ER

6. com of Ms TEE posterior cross- vein (dm-m) and bend about as long as that between bend and wing margin; epandrial lobe short and wide, distinctly shorter than surstylus, bearing two apical setae; 23 mm

! ...A. latifrons (Loew)

— SE E e M2 Beet dm-m and bend distinctly longer than that between bend and wing margin.............................../

38

7. Frons silvery-white pollinose; epandrial lobe present, long and thin; 2.5 mm ......... EE P LING . A. albifrons Parent — Frons | grey pollinose; epandrial lobe reduced; 2.5—3 mm ....A. virgatus Curran 8. Posterior femora without long ventral setae — Posterior femora with long ventral setae, at least half as ee as diameter of femur in middle.. Lë bz ..10 9. Femora Lt Mio intérrupted(?); YA -m positioned at eztreme base of wing; 2.0- ZAMA oo I A. transversalis (Becker) Femora yellow; M;,; undulate; 2.2-2.5mm CEP EE .. A. izius Negrobov 10. Femora mainly yellow; fore femur often brownish dorsally; mid femur often brown in middle; hind femur blackish on distal half or third ............A. fallahzadehi sp.n. — Femora mostly dark .........................11 11.All femora with complete rows of long ventral setae, at least as long as femora diameter; anterior tibia with 1 anterodorsal, ] posterodorsal and 1 posteroventral setae; 3.0-3.5mm........A. chaetifemoratus Parent — Only posterior femora with 2 complete ventral rows of long setae; anterior tibia without setae; 2.5mm....... A. albifacies Parent

Discussion

Asyndetus species are common in subtropics and tropics of the Old World. The Palaearctic species of the genus are confined mainly to the Mediterranean and Central Asian regions. Only A. latifrons (Loew) is widely distributed in the Afrotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental Regions (Grichanov, 2013).

Asyndetus fallahzadehi sp. n. is found only in the Fars Province, being probably endemic to the South Iran. The latter territory is traditionally included in the Palaearctic zoogeographical region, but having a significant Afrotropical element in its fauna (Kryzhanovsky, 2002).

As a result, the long-legged fly fauna of Fars Province comprises of 6 nominal species (see Rezael et al., 2019), and the genus Asyndetus includes 5 known species from Iran.

Acknowledements

The research was supported by the Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran and the All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection project N 0665-2018-0002,

A new species of Asyndetus Loew, 1869 from Iran (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

St.Petersburg-Pushkin, Russia. Drs. O.P. Negrobov (Voronezh, Russia) and M. Fallahzadeh (Jahrom, Iran) kindly commented on earlier drafts of the manuscript.

References

Becker, Th. and Stein, P. 1913. Persische Dipteren von den Expeditionen des Herrn N. Zarudny 1898 und 1901. Ezhegodnik Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Imperatorskoi Akadedmii Nauk 17(3-4): 503-654.

Bickel, D.J. 1996. Australian Asyndetus Loew and Cryptophleps Lichtwardt (Diptera: Dolichopodoidae), with notes on the Oriental and Western Pacific Faunas. Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 1151-1170.

Cumming, J.M. and Wood, D.M. 2017. 3. Adult morphology and terminology. /n: A.H. Kirk-Spriggs and BJ. Sinclair (eds.), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4. SANBI Graphics and Editing, Pretoria: 89-134.

Grichanov, I.Ya. 2013. Afrotropical species of the genus Asyndetus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with notes on some Palaearctic and Oriental species. In: L Ya. Grichanov, and O.P. Negrobov, (eds.), Fauna and taxonomy of Dolichopodidae (Diptera). Collection of papers. VIZR RAAS, St. Petersburg: 27-46 (Plant Protection News Supplements).

Grichanov, LYa. 2017. Alphabetic list of generic and specific names of predatory

39

flies of the epifamily Dolichopodoidae (Diptera). 2nd Edition. VIZR, St.Petersburg: 1-563 (Plant Protection News Supplements, 23). Available online at https://archive.org/details/Grichanov 2017DolibankSec. (Last accessed: 29 October 2018).

Grichanov, L Ya. and Brooks, S.E. 2017. 56. Dolichopodidae (long-legged dance flies). In: A.H. Kirk-Spriggs and B.J. Sinclair (eds.), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Suricata 5. SANBI Graphics & Editing, Pretoria: 1265-1320.

Kazerani, F., Khaghaninia, S. and Grichanov, LYa. 2014. The subfamily Diaphorinae Schiner, 1864 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) in East Azerbaijan Province with four new species records for Iran. Efflatounia (Efflatoun's Journal of Entomology) 14: 1-8.

Kryzhanovsky, O.L. 2002. Composition and distribution of the insect faunas of the World. KMK, Moscow, 1-239 (in Russian).

Negrobov, O.P. 1973. Zur Kenntnis einiger palaearktischer Arten der Gattung Asyndetus Loew. Beitráge zur Entomologie 23: 157-167.

Rezaei, S., Grichanov L Ya. and Fallahzadeh, M. 2019. First records of long-legged flies (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) from Fars Province of Iran. Acta Biologica Sibirica 5(1): 6-11.

ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online) @ INDERPAL SINGH SIDHU AND DEVINDER SINGH

HALTERES, Volume 10, 40-47, 2019 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3589977

Redescription of three species of genus Stomorhina Rondani (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from India

*Inderpal Singh Sidhu' and Devinder Singh?

! Department of Zoology, SGGS College, Sector 26, Chandigarh, India-160019. “Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala- 147002,

India.

(Email: inderpalsidhu76 @ yahoo.co.in)

Abstract

Three Indian species of genus Stomorhina Rodani are redescribed in detail with illustrations of male and female genitalia, tazonomic history and updated distribution records.

Keywords: Stomorhina, Calliphoridae, Diptera,

India

Received: 25 May 2019; Revised: 20 December 2019; Online: 21 December 2019

Introduction

Senior White et al. (1940) recognized 15 species belonging to the genus Stomorhina from British India. However, lot of changes have occurred since then and now the genus is represented by 16 species from the Oriental region including 8 from India (Bharti, 2011) that includes 3 from the area under present investigations. The genus is not easy to distinguish from the genera Idiella Brauer et Bergenstamm and Rhinia Robineau-Desvoidy and according to Kano and Shinonaga (1968) “There is no obvious reason for separating these three genera". However, further interpretations can be made only after studying more material, including the types. The three species have been identified following the key given by Bharti (2016).

Abbreviations used

AC - Acrostichal bristles; ACP - Acrophalius; AP - Anterior paramere; AS - Apicoscutellar bristles: BM - Basal membrane; C - Cerci; DC - Dorsocentral bristles; DS - Discoscutellar bristles; H - Humeral bristles; HU - Humerus; lA - [ntra-alar bristles; LS - Lateroscutellar bristles; NP - Notopleural bristles; PAB - Postalar bristles; PC - Postalar callus; PH - Posthumeral bristles; PL - Paralobi; PP - Posterior paramere;

40

PPH - Paraphallus; PS - Phallosorne; PSB - Presutural bristles; S, - Sternite 1; Sə - Sternite 2; S; - Sternite 3; S4 - Sternite 4; S5 - Sternite 5; Sé - Sternite 6; S; - Sternite 7; Sg - Sternite B; So - Stemite 9; SA - Supra-alar bristles; SCT - Scutellum; "Te Tergite 6; T; - Tergite 7; Tg - Tergite 8; T9 - Tergite 9; TH - Theca; TS - Transverse sufure; V - Ventralia

Genus Stomorhina Rondani, 1861

Idia Meigen in Wiedemann, 1820. Nova. Dipt. Gen.: 21.

Stomorhina Rondani, 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prod. 4: 9. type species Musca lunata Fabricius, 1805.

Stomathorrhina Bezzi, 1906. Z. Hym. Dipt. 4:53.

Stomatorrhina Kertesz, 1907. Cat. Palae. Dip. 35:323.

Stomatorhina Malloch, 1926. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 18: 499.

Idiella Brauer et Bergenstamm, 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 6: 154.

Idielliopsis Townsend, 1917. Rec. Ind. Mus. 13: 190.

Eudiella Townsend, 1917. Rec. Ind. Mus. 13: 192.

Stomorhina Rondani: Senior-White et al., 1940. Fauna Brit. India, Dipt. 6: 190.

Redescription of three species of genus Stomorhina Rondani (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from India

Diagnostic characters: Eyes bare, subholoptic in male, upper facets slightly enlarged; parafacialia metallic black; facial carina present; epistome strongly projecting; genae metallic black anteriorly; arista plumose on dorsal side only; thoraz variously coloured, black, olive or cupreous green, with piliferous spots; pleura with or without piliferous spots; propleuron, suprasgumal ridge and postalar declivity bare; mesopleuron with 2-5 posterior bristles; acrostichals 0+0-2; dorsocentrals 0+0-2; intra- alars 0+0-2; presutural present; humerals 1-3; posthumeral 1; supra-alars 2-3; post-alars 2; notopleurals Zi lateroscutellars 1-2; apicoscutellar E discoscutellar absent; sternopleurals 1+1; prostigmatic bristle absent; R1 bare; R4+5 setulose at least on basal node; first posterior cell (R5) slightly open or closed, not petiolate; thoracic squama bare dorsally; legs brown to black; hindtibia without row of short bristles, only 2-3 outstanding ones present; abdomen same coloured as thorax, in some species with yellow or reddish markings.

Distribution: Entire Oriental Region, most parts of Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Neartic and Australian regions.

Stomorhina xanthogaster (Wiedemann, 1820) (Figs.1-7)

Idia xanthogaster Wiedemann, 1820. Nov. Dipt. Gen., p. 21. type loc., Java, Indonesia.

Idia australis Walker, 1849. List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. 4: 809.

Idelliopsis similis Townsend, 1917. Rec. Ind. Mus. 13(4): 190.

Idiella xanthogaster (Wiedemann) 1928. Encyl. Ent. (A) IX: 183.

Rhinia majuscula Villeneuve, 1932. Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 71 :245.

Stomorhina xanthogaster (Wiedemann): Bezzi, 1927. Bull. Ent. Res. 17: 234.

Rhinia xanthogaster (Wiedemann): Peris 1952. An. Aula Dei. 3(1): 39.

Idiellopsis xanthogaster (Wiedemann): James, 1977. Cat. Dipt. Orient. Reg. 3: 546.

Seguy,

Stomorhina xanthogaster (Wiedemann): Kurahashi, 1987. Occ. Publ. Ent. Soc. Japan 1: 84.

4]

MALE : Body length 8.0 - 9.5 mm.

Head: Eyes bare, subholoptic, upper facets enlarged; frons dark brown to black, wider than parafrontalia; parafrontalia white, with shining black spots; frontal bristles well developed; fronto-orbital bristles absent; ocellus with ocellar and postvertical bristles; vertical and outervertical bristles present, prevertical bristles absent; parafacialia metallic black; face shining black, bare; facial carina present; epistome, medianae and jowls shining brown, bare, except jowls with brownish hair; genae and postgenae shining black with black hair; vibrissae present well above oral margin; peristomal bristles well developed; postorbit black with silver tomentum, bare; occiput metallic black, with thick golden hair; antennae brown; 1st segment setulose while 2nd segment with one long bristle; length of 3rd segment about 4X that of 2nd; arista brown, long plumose; palpi black with bristles present all over.

Thorax: Dark green with greyish white dusting; humerus and postalar callus concolorous with dorsum; prothoracic spiracle yellow; propleuron bare and prosternum hairy; postalar declivity

bare; supraspiracular convexity bare; suprasquamal ridge with anterior tuft. Chaetotaxy (Fig. 4): Acrostichals 0+1;

dorsocentrals 042; intra-alar 0-1; presutural present; humerals 3; posthumeral 1; supra-alars 3; post-alars 2; notopleurals 2; lateroscutellars 2; apicoscutellar 1; discoscutellar absent; sternopleurals 1-1; propleural present and prostigmatic absent.

Wings: Yellow, slightly infuscated at base; veins brown; stem vein (R) setulose; R1 bare; R4+5 setulose at basal node on both dorsal and ventral sides; first posterior cell (R5) closed; epaulet and basicosta dark brown; subcostal sclerite reddish brown, bare; alar and thoracic squamae deep yellow with yellowish marginal cilia, bare dorsally; halteres yellow.

Legs: Brown to black; tibiae and tarsi pale brown; fore- and hind femora with bristles on both dorsal and ventral sides while midfemur with bristles on ventral side only; fore tibia with 2 bristles at middle and 3 at apex; midtibia with one bristle at middle and 2 at apex; hindtibia with 3 bristles at middle and 2 at apex.

Inderpal Singh Sidhu and Devinder Singh

FIG.1 FIG. 2

FIG.5

FIG. 6 FIG.7

Figs. 1-7. Stomorhina xanthogaster: 1. Dorsal view of ovipositor; 2. Ventral view of ovipositor; 3. Sternites I-V of female; 4. Dorsal view of chaetotaxy of thorax (Diagrammatic). 5. Sternite V of male; 6. Cerci and paralobi; 7. Aedeagus and parameres.

42

Redescription of three species of genus Stomorhina Rondani (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from India

Abdomen: Reddish orange, with a black median stripe; tergites 4 and 5 blackish at posterior end; tergites 2-5 with strong marginal bristles; sternites 1-5 with long black hair; hypopygium conspicuous.

Male genitala: Fifth sternite (Fig. 5), Cerci and paralobi (Fig. 6), Aedeagus and parameres (Fig. 7)

FEMALE: Body length 9.0 - 10.0 mm.

Similar to the male except: eyes dichoptic, frons wider, fronto-orbital bristles present, abdomen without black median stripe, tergites 4 and 5 without black band at posterior margin, midtibia with series of posterior marginal bristles. Sternites 1-5 (Fig. 3).

Female genitalia: Dorsal view of ovipositor (Fig. 1), Ventral view of ovipositor (Fig. 2).

Material examined: Uttaranchal: Almora- 1650m (544, 119 9) 10.x.2001. Coll. Inderpal Singh Sidhu.

Distribution: India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttaranchal), Celebes, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, China, Australia and New Guinea.

Holotype depository: ZSI, Calcutta, India.

Remarks: This species is different from the other species of the genus Stomorhina because of having first posterior cell (R5) petiolate and sternopleura densely yellow dusted. It has been reported from many Indian states and is widely distributed in the Oriental region.

Stomorhina discolor (Fabricius, 1794) (Figs. 8-14)

Musca discolor Fabricius, 1794. Entom. Syst., 4: 320. type loc., India Orient.

Idia metallica Macquart, 1835. Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt., 2: 246.

Idia quadrimaculata Macquart, 1851. Mem. Soc. Agric. Lille 1851: 213.

Idia aequalis Walker, 1859. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 3: 103.

Idia cincta Bigot, 1874. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5) 4: 258.

Stomorhyna muscina Rondani, 1875. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Giacomo Doria, 7: 429.

43

Stomorhina scalaris Bigot, 1887. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 12: 591.

Euidilla discolor var. nigripes Senior-White, 1922. Mem. Dept. Agric. Ind. (Ent. Ser.) 7: 167.

Stomatorrhina discolor (Fabricius) : Wu, 1940. Cat. Ins.Sin., 5: 375.

Stomorhina discolor (Fabricius) : Senior-White et al., 1940. Fauna Brit. India, Dipt., 6 : 192.

Stomotorrhina muscina Rondani 1941. Ent. Beih. 8: 181.

Rhinia discolor (Fabricius): Peris, 1952. An. Aula Dei, 3(1) : 32.

Stomorhina discolor (Fabricius): James, 1977. Cat. Dipt. Orient. Reg., 3: 557.

Henning,

MALE: Body length 5.4 - 6.5 mm.

Head: Eyes bare, subholoptic, facets larger at anterior end than posterior end; frons reddish brown, bare, wider than parafrontalia, forms a thin line as it approaches vertex; parafrontalia silvery grey with shining black spots; frontal bristles weak; fronto-orbital bristles absent; ocellus with weak ocellar and postvertical bristles; vertical and outervertical bristles absent, prevertical bristles present; parafacialia shining metallic black, bare; face, epistome, medianae and jowls shining black, bare; facial carina present; epistome strongly projecting; genae metallic black anteriorly; postgenae golden, covered with golden hair; vibrissae present well above oral margin; persitomal bristles very weak; postorbit golden, bare; upper part of occiput shining black, bare, lower part golden with golden hair; 1st and 2nd antennal segments orange, 2nd with one long bristle, 3rd segment orange with silver dusting, length of 3rd segment about 4X that of 2nd; arista light brown, plumose on dorsal side only; palpi brown, bare.

Thorax: Ground colour green, thickly grey dusted, covered with black small spots; pleura with golden yellow hair; humerus and postalar callus concolorous with dorsum; prothoracic spiracle yellow; propleuron bare; prosternum with yellow fine hair; postalar declivity bare; supraspiracular convexity bare; suprasquamal ridge bare.

Chaetotaxy (Fig. 11) Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 042; intra-alar 0-1; presutural

Inderpal Singh Sidhu and Devinder Singh

FIG 8 FIG9 FIG 10

FIG 11 FIG 12

FIG 13

FIG 14

Figs. 8-14. Stomorhina discolour: 8. Dorsal view of ovipositor; 9. Ventral view of ovipositor; 10. Sternites I-V of female; 11. Dorsal view of chaetotaxy of thorax (Diagrammatic); 12. Sternite V of male; 13. Cerci and paralobi; 14. Aedeagus and parameres.

44

Redescription of three species of genus Stomorhina Rondani (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from India

present; humeral 1; posthumeral 1; supra-alars 3; post-alars 2; notopleurals 2; lateroscutellars 2; apicoscutellar b: discoscutellar absent; sternopleurals 1+1; propleural present; prostigmatic absent.

Wings: Slightly hyaline with yellowish tinge; veins yellowish; stem vein (R) setulose; R1 bare, R4+5 setulose at basal node only; first posterior cell (R5) slightly open; epaulet brown; basicosta yellow; subcostal sclerite brown with fine black pubescence; alar squama brown on dorsal side, golden on ventral side, bare; thoracic squama golden, bare; both squamae with yellowish marginal cilia; halteres brown.

Legs: Brownish yellow except femora and tarsi which are brown; foretibia with 2 bristles at middle and 2 at apex; midtibia with 3 bristles at middle and 2 at apex; hindtibia with 2 bristles at middle and 1 at apex.

Abdomen: Ovoid, brown bands at posterior margin of each segment; tergites 2 and 3 yellow with brownish posterior bands and weak marginal bristles; tergites 4 and 5 shining dark brown with weak marginal bristles; sternites 1-5 with golden hair; hypopygium conspicuous. Male genitalia: Fifth sternite (Fig. 12), Cerci and paralobi (Fig. 13), Aedeagus and parameres (Fig. 14)

FEMALE : Body length 6.0 - 6.3 mm.

similar to male except: frons wider and parallel sided, fronto-orbital bristles present, outervertical bristles present. Sternites 1-5 (Fig. 10).

Female genitalia: Dorsal view of ovipositor (Fig. 8), Ventral view of ovipositor (Fig. 9)

Material examined: Haryana: Kalka-370m (344, 299) 3.x1999; Himachal Pradesh: Shimla-2208m (14, 59 9) 28.iii. 2002.

Distribution: India (Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh), Bangladesh, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Phillipines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Japan and Australia.

BMNH,

Holotype London,

England.

depository:

Remarks : This species is widely distributed in

45

the Oriental, Palaearctic and Australian regions. Senior-White et al. (1940) reared it from the nest of an ant Camponotus angusticollis. Males often hover around under shady trees. According to Kurahashi and Fauran (1980), the larvae are predaceous upon immature stages of other Insects.

Stomorhina melastoma (Wiedemann, 1830) (Figs.15-21)

Idia melastoma Wiedemann, 1830. Ausser. Zweifl. Insekt. 2: 193. type loc., Buitonzorg, Indonesia.

Idia melanostoma Wiedemann, 1830. Ausser. Zweifl. Insekt. 2: 353.

Idiella purpurea Townsend, 1917. Rec. Ind. Mus. 13: 193.

Euidiella purpurea Townsend, 1917. Rec. Ind. Mus. 13: 193.

Idiella melanostoma Wiedemann: Malloch, 1926. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 18: 509.

Stomorhina melanostoma (Wiedemann): Senior- White et al, 1940. Fauna Brit. India, Dipt. 6: 202.

Rhinia melanostoma melanostoma (Wiedemann) : Peris, 1952. An. Aula Dei. 3(1): 42. Stomorhina melastoma (Wiedemann) : Dear, 1977. Austr. J. Zool., 25: 795, figs. 24, 31,

39.

Rhinia melastoma (Wiedemann): James, 1977. Cat. Dip. Orient. Reg., 3: 552.

Stomorhina melastoma (Wiedemann): Fan et al., 1992. Key Common Flies China, 560pp.

MALE : Body length 7.5 - 8.0 mm.

Head: Eyes bare, subholoptic, facets sliehtly enlarged at anterior end; frons blackish, hairy; parafrontalia brownish with yellow tomentum, hairy; frontal bristles weak; fronto-orbital bristles present; ocellus with ocellar and postvertical bristles; vertical bristles present, outervertical bristles absent, prevertical bristles present; parafacialia blackish with silvery yellow band at upper part extending upto anterior part of face; face metallic black; facial carina present; epistome, medianae and jowls shining black, bare except jowls, with pale hair; genae and postgenae blackish with yellow tomentum with golden hair; vibrissae present well above oral margin; peristomal bristles well developed; postorbit silvery grey, bare; occiput shining

Inderpal Singh Sidhu and Devinder Singh

FIG 15 FIG 16 FIG 17

FIG 19

FIG 20 FIG 21

Figs. 15-21: Stomorhina melastoma: 15. Dorsal view of ovipositor; 16. Ventral view of ovipositor; 17. Sternites I-V of female; 18. Dorsal view of chaetotaxy of thorax (Diagrammatic); 19. Sternite V of male; 20. Cerci and paralobi; 21. Aedeagus and parameres

black with black and pale hair; antennae light arista light brown, long, plumose on dorsal side brownish; 2nd segment with one long bristle; only; palpi brown with bristles present all over. length of 3rd segment about 3.5X that of 2nd;

46

Redescription of three species of genus Stomorhina Rondani (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from India

Thorax: Metallic green with light golden tomentum; humerus and postalar callus concolorous with dorsum; prothoracic spiracle yellow; propleuron bare with golden dusting; prosternum hairy; postalar declivity bare; supraspiracular convexity bare; suprasquamal ridge bare.

Chaetotaxy (Fig. 18): Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 0+1; intra-alar 0+1; presutural present; humeral 1; posthumeral 1; supra-alars 3; post-alars 2; notopleurals 2; lateroscutellars 2; apicoscutellar l; discoscutellar absent; sternopleurals 1+1; propleural present; prostigmatic absent.

Wings: Hyaline, slightly infuscated at base and apex; veins brown; stem vein (R) setulose; R1 bare; R4+5 setulose near base on both dorsal and ventral sides; first posterior cell (R5) open; epaulet and basicosta black; subcostal sclerite brown with fine pubescence; alar and thoracic squamae smoky yellow with yellowish marginal cilia, bare on dorsal surface; halteres brown. Legs: Femora black with purplish tinge; tibiae and tarsi yellowish; tips of tarsi darkened; fore- and hind femora with bristles present on both dorsal and ventral sides while midfemur with bristles on ventral side only; fore- and mid tibiae each with 2 bristles each at middle and apex; hindtibia with 1 bristle at middle and 2 at apex. Abdomen: Purplish with coppery reflections; tergites 2-3 with dark posterior band and weak marginal bristles; tergites 4 and 5 with strong marginal bristles; sternites 1-5 with golden hair; hypopygium conspicuous.

Male genitalia: Fifth sternite (Fig. 19), Cerci and paralobi (Fig. 20), Aedeagus and parameres (Fig. 21).

FEMALE: Body length 8.5 - 9.0 mm.

Similar to the male except : eyes dichoptic, frons wider and parallel sided, fronto-orbital bristles present, tergites 2-3 with strong marginal bristles. Sternites 1-5 (Fig. 17).

47

Female genitalia: Dorsal view of ovipositor (Fig. 15), Ventral view of ovipositor (Fig. 16).

Material examined: Himachal Pradesh: Manali-2050m (11, 399) 9.ix.2000; Coll. Inderpal Singh Sidhu.

Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal), Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Australia and New Guinea.

Holotype depository: ZSI, Calcutta, India.

Remarks: This species is distributed in the Oriental and Australian regions. There has been lot of shifts in the generic and specific combination as is depicted in the given synonymy. Adults have been collected from flowers and nothing is known about the bionomics of this species.

References

Bharti, M. 2011. An updated checklist of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from India. Halteres 3: 34-37.

Bharti, M. 2016. New record of Stomorhina siamensis Kurahashi et Tumrasvin, 1992 from India, with revised key to Indian species of the genus Stomorhina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Far Eastern Entomologist 281: 7-11.

Kano, R. and Shinonaga, S. 1968. Fauna Japonica, Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera), 181pp.

Kurahashi, H. and Fauran, P. 1980. Blow flies from New Caledonia, with description of Onesia ` gonideci, new species (Diptera : Calliphoridae). Pacific Insects 22: 401-412.

Senior-White, R., Aubertin, D. and Smart, J. 1940. Fauna of British India, Diptera. Vol. VI. Family Calliphoridae. Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India. 288pp.

ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online)

@ K.M. RAJESH, SHAHID BIN ZEYA, A.P. RANJITH & M. NASSER

HALTERES, Volume 10, 48-61, 2019 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3593793

New distributional records of fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae) from rice—agroecosystems of Kerala

K.M. Rajesh!, Shahid Bin Zeya”, A.P. Ranjith! & *M. Nasser!

! Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala,

India.

“Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India.

(Email: drnasher gmail.com)

Abstract

Gonatocerus aegyptiacus Soyka, 1950, Gonatocerus shamimi Subba Rao and Hayat, 1986 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae), Anagrus sp. are recorded from Kerala for the first time. Ten species of Mymarids are new distributional records from the rice-agroecosystems of Kerala. The samples were taken from the rice fields of Kerala using sweep net method during July 2013 - February 2015, and the collection comprises

mymarids belonging to 10 species under 5 genera.

Keywords: Mymaridae, New distribution, Rice-Agroecosystems, Kerala.

Received: 7 November 2018; Revised: 31 December 2019; Online: 31 December 2019

Introduction

The family Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is one of the most distinctive families of Chalcidoidea and includes the smallest known insects and are all parasitoids of eggs laid in concealed habitats (Huber et al., 2009). The members are widely distributed with 117 genera known from two subfamilies, Gonatocerinae and Mymarinae (Noyes and Valentine, 1989). Majority of them attack Auchenorrhyncha hemipteran, but Coleoptera, Psocoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera are also attacked (Huber and Rajakulendran, 1988). Members can be identified by using a combination of characters; female antennae with distinct club, head with ‘H? shaped mark, protibial spur often long and curved, tarsi with 4—5 tarsomeres and metasoma either broadly or narrowly attached with mesosoma.

Systematic and biological research on the Mymaridae up until 1984 has been reviewed by Huber and Rajakulendran (1988). The major taxonomic treatises on the group are those of Debauche (1948), and Peck (1963). Further studies which should be of interest are those of Enock (1909), Girault (1911, 1912), Soyka (1950), Hincks (1960), Sahad and Hirashima

48

(1984) and Matthews (1986).

To date 194 species under 38 genera are reported from India (Manickavasagam and Athithya, 2018). Taxonomic studies on Indian mymarids were mainly carried out by Verma (1980), Subba Rao and Hayat (1983), Hayat (1992), Zeya and Hayat (1995), Hayat and Anis (1999 a,b,c), Hayat and Singh (2001), Hayat er al. (2008), Rehmat et al. (2009), Zeya and Khan (2011), Rameshkumar ef al. (2011 ab) Manickavasagam and Rameshkumar (2011, 2012), and Manickavasagam ef al. (2011). As per Noyes (2019) only 35 species in 14 genera were reported from Kerala.

The species like other chalcid families (Eulophidae, Trichogrammatidae) are most encountered parasitoids of pest species and have potential as biological control agents against different pests belonging to Cicadellidae, Miridae, Membracidae and Chrysomelidae in different crops or in their natural environment (Noyes, 2003). These parasitoids attack eggs of Insects in a variety of habitats and crops, but its efficacy appears to vary with host plant species (Graham et al., 1986). Little is known about the host parasitoid association as only about one

New distributional records of fairyflies from rice—agroecosystems of Kerala

quarter of the genera have hosts reported for them.

Studies by Forster (1847), Enock (1909), Macgill (1934), Doutt (1959), Anderson & Paschke (1968), Stoner and Surber (1969), Miura (1979), Sahad (1982), Graham et al. (1986), Huber and Rajakulendran (1988), Norton ef al. (1992), Cont et al. (1996), De Moraes and Mescher (1999), Virla (2001) and

Jones (2001) reveals the importance of mymarids as parasitoids of insect pests. In this paper, we reviewed the

distribution and abundance of mymarid genera and species in rice agro-ecosystems of Kerala, south India.

Materials and Methods

The survey of mymarid parasitoids of rice fields was carried out from July 2013 to February 2015 during the Kharif (July— November) and Rabi (December— March) seasons. The samples were taken from the rice fields of 10 districts (three plots per district) by sweep net method.

Sweeping was done 25 meter along the bunds of rice field and two meter inside from edges, swept once at each step in a figure of eight. The trapped insects were collected using an aspirator and transferred to labeled bottles containing 7096 ethyl alcohol. The collected specimens were dried and card mounted. Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) was employed as the drying agent during mounting in order to avoid collapsing. Images of identified parasitoids were taken using Leica M205 A with DMC 2900 camera. Multiple images with different focal levels were combined into a single image using Leica Automontage Software V4.7. Images were edited in Adobe Photoshop to remove artifacts formed during stack processing. Distribution map was made with ArcGis software version 9.3 (ArcGIS 9.3 Improves Your Entire GIS Workflow: Enhanced Data Management, New Cartographic Tools, and More Efficient Information Sharing". ESRI. 2006-06-25. Archived from the original on 2008- 06-30.).

Results The aim of the present investigation 1s to study the species composition of Mymaridae

49

distributed in the rice—agro systems of Kerala. From the present survey 10 species of mymarids in five genera were collected, in which, G. aegyptiacus G. shamimi and Anagrus sp. are new distributional report from Kerala. Of the ten species of mymarids collected during the present study, eight of them with the exception of Lymaenon species are new distributional records from rice fields of Kerala.

New distributional reports of Mymarid fauna of Rice-Agrosystems from Kerala (Fig. 1)

1. Gonatocerus aegyptiacus Soyka, 1950 (Fig.

3B)

Specimen examined: INDIA: Kerala, Thrissur, Mullakkara, 22.11.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Alappuzha, Kainakari, 5.11.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Wayanad, Kambalakkad, 8.x1.2012, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Wayanad, Kambalakkad, 6.x11.2013, sweep net,

coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Nellikkapalam, 28.xi.2013, sweep net coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Maniyoor, 7.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Ernakulam, Thuruthikkara, 26.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P; INDIA: Kerala, Ernakulam, Thuruthikkara, 7.13.2014, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Kozhikode,

Mundoth, 10.x.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Malappuram, Kalachal, 22.11.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Amaravila, 23.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.

Distribution: India: Assam (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Andhra Pradesh (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Bihar (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Jammu & Kashmir (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Karnataka (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Meghalaya (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Tamil Nadu (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Delhi (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), Himachal Pradesh (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), Odisha (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), Puducherry (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), Punjab (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), Uttarakhand (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), West Bengal (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), Andaman and Nicobar (Zeya et al., 2014), Uttar Pradesh (Shamim and Shafee, 1984; Subba Rao and Hayat, 1986) and Kerala (Present study).

K.M. Rajesh, Shahid Bin Zeya, A.P. Ranjith & M. Nasser

Legend Anagrus sp Gonatocerus aegyptiacus Soyka

Gonatocerus longicomis Nees

Gonatocerus shamimi (Subba Rao & Hayat) Al apt

Gonatocerus sp

Lymaenon aureus (Girault , 1911)

Lymaenon munnarus (Mani & Saraswat , 1973) Lymaenon narayani Subba Rao & Kaur , 1959 Mymar schwanni Girault

E E uw e eh EA He ei E

Palaeoneura bagicha (Narayanan , Subba Rao & Kaur)

Kerala Boundary

0 15 30 60 Kilometers

Figure 1: Distribution map of Mymaridae in Rice Agro-ecosystems of Kerala

50

New distributional records of fairyflies from rice—agroecosystems of Kerala

Plant associates: Poaceae: Oryza sativa L. (Present study).

2. Gonatocerus shamimi Subba Rao and

Hayat, 1986 (Fig. 3D)

Specimens examined: INDIA: Kerala, Palakkad, Thenur, 27.viii.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Kozhikode, Mundoth, 10.x.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Amaravila, 23.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Kaively, 29.31.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M. Distribution: India: Bihar (Manickavasagam and Rameshkumar, 2011), Meghalaya (Zeya,

2015), Odisha (Zeya, 2015), Tamil Nadu (Manickavasagam and Rameshkumar, 2011) Uttar Pradesh (Shamim and Shafee, 1984), Andhra Pradesh (Rameshkumar and

Manickavasagam, 2014), Jharkhand (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), West Bengal (Anwar and Zeya, 2012) and Kerala (Present study).

Plant associates: Poaceae: Oryza sativa L. (Present study).

3. Lymaenon aureus (Girault, 1911) (Fig. 3F) Specimen examined: INDIA: Kerala, Kottayam, Changanassery, 25.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Nellikkapalam, 28.41.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Palakkad, Thenur 27.x11.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.

Distribution: India: Jammu & Kashmir (Narayanan, 1961), Maharashtra (Mani et al., 1973), Uttar Pradesh (Shamim and Shafee, 1984) Andhra Pradesh (Amer er al., 2017), Assam (Amer et al., 2017), Bihar (Amer et al., 2017), Himachal Pradesh (Amer et al., 2017), Jharkhand (Amer et al., 2017), Karnataka (Amer et al., 2017), Kerala (Amer et al., 2017), Odisha (Amer et al., 2017), Puducherry (Amer et al., 2017), Punjab (Amer et al., 2017), Sikkim (Amer et al., 2017), Uttarakhand (Amer et al., 2017), West Bengal (Amer et al., 2017), Tamil Nadu (Zeya and Hayat, 1995) and Meghalaya (Ramesh Kumar et al., 2015).

Plant associates: Fabaceae: Medicago sativa, Poaceae: Oryza sativa L. (Present study).

51

4. Lymaenon narayani Subba Rao and Kaur, 1959

Specimen examined: INDIA: Kerala, Kannur,

Nellikkapalam, 28.41.2013, sweep net, coll.

Rajesh, K.M.

Distribution: India: Uttar Pradesh (Subba Rao and Hayat, 1986), Kerala (Amer et al., 2017), Andaman & Nicobar (Amer et al. 2017), Andhra Pradesh (Amer ef al, 2017), Bihar (Amer et al., 2017), Delhi (Amer et al., 2017), Himachal Pradesh (Amer et al., 2017), Karnataka (Amer et al., 2017), Odisha (Amer et al., 2017), Puducherry (Amer et al., 2017), Tamil Nadu (Amer et al., 2017), Uttarakhand (Amer et al., 2017), and West Bengal (Amer et al., 2017).

Plant associates: (Present study).

Poaceae: Oryza sativa L.

5. Gonatocerus longicornis Nees, 1834 (Fig. 3C) Specimen examined: INDIA: Kerala, Kollam, Kundara, 23.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Wayanad, Panamaram, 8.x1.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Wayanad, Kambalakkad, 6.x11.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, ` Amaravila, 23.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Ernakulam, Thuruthikkara, 7.11.2014, sweep net, coll Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Kozhikode, Mundoth, 12.1v.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Thrissur, Ottappilavu, 12.v.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith,

A.P. INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Kaively, 29.x1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, KM: INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Kudukkimotta,

7 11.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.

Distribution: India: Kerala (Mani et al., 1973), Karnataka (Subha Rao & Hayat, 1986), Tamil Nadu (Subha Rao & Hayat, 1986), Assam (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Jammu & Kashmir (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Madhya Pradesh (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Odisha (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Uttar Pradesh (Zeya and Hayat, 1995), Jharkhand (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), Uttarakhand (Anwar and Zeya, 2012), West Bengal (Anwar and Zeya, 2012) and Andaman & Nicobar (Zeya et al, 2014).

K.M. Rajesh, Shahid Bin Zeya, A.P. Ranjith & M. Nasser

Figures 3A-F: A. Anagrus sp.; B. Gonatocerus aegyptiacus Soyka, 1950; C. Gonatocerus longicornis Nees, 1834; D. Gonatocerus shamimi Subba Rao and Hayat, 1986; E. Gonatocerus sp.; F. Lymaenon aureus (Girault, 1911).

52

New distributional records of fairyflies from rice—agroecosystems of Kerala

Plant associates: Betulaceae: Corylus avellana (Viggiani, 1974), Fabaceae: Medicago sativa (Pricop, 2009), Poaceae: Oryza sativa L. (Present study).

6. Lymaenon munnarus (Mani and Saraswat, 1973) (Fig. 2A)

Specimen examined: INDIA: Kerala, Pathanamthitta, Thiruvalla, 24.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala,

Thiruvananthapuram, Kadakkavoor, 23.1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Palakkad, Thenur, 27.viii.2013, sweep net, coll.

Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Wayanad, Kambalakkad, 6.x11.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P. INDIA: Kerala, Thrissur, Ottapilavu, 12.v.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.

Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh

(Manickavasagam ef al., 2011) Jammu « Kashmir (Manickavasagam et al., 2011; Amer et al., 2017), Karnataka (Manickavasagam et al.,2011), Kerala (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Madhya Pradesh (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Maharashtra (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Tamil Nadu (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Uttar Pradesh (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Himachal Pradesh (Amer et al., 2017), Jharkhand (Amer et al., 2017), Odisha (Amer et al., 2017) and West Bengal (Amer et al., 2017).

Plant associates: study).

Oryza sativa L. (Present

7. Mymar schwanni Girault, 1912 (Fig. 2B) Specimens examined: INDIA: Kerala, Alappuzha, Kainakari, 5.11.2013 sweep net, coll.

Ranjith, A.P.; INDIA: Kerala, Ernakulam, Thuruthikkara, 7.11.2014, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.

Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh (Manickavasagam et al. 2011), Karnataka (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Kerala (Manickavasagam ef al., 2011) Odisha

(Manickavasagam ef al., 2011), Tamil Nadu (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Uttar Pradesh (Manickavasagam ef al., 2011), Uttarakhand (Manickavasagam and Rameshkumar, 201 1) and Puducherry (Manickavasagam et al., 2011).

53

Plant associates: Poaceae: Oryza sativa L. (Present study).

8. Palaeoneura bagicha (Narayanan, Subba Rao and Kaur, 1960)

Specimens examined: INDIA: Kerala, Kannur,

Kaiveli, 29.41.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh,

K.M.

Distribution: Delhi (Huber, 2003), Himachal Pradesh (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Kerala (Manickavasagam ef al., 2011), Maharashtra (Subha Rao and Hayat, 1986), Punjab (Manickavasagam et al., 2011), Tamil Nadu (Manickavasagam ef al., 2011), Uttar Pradesh (Hayat, 1992) Karnataka (Subha Rao, 1989), Meghalaya (Rameshkumar ef al, 2015), Uttarakhand ( Joshi et al., 2017) and Arunachal Pradesh (Amer and Zeya, 2018)..

Primary hosts: Hemiptera: Cicadelidae: Sophonia rufofasciata (Yang et al., 2002).

Plant associates: Poaceae: Oryza sativa L. (Present study).

9. Anagrus sp. (Fig. 3A)

Specimens examined: INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Nellikkapalam, 28.x1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.

10. Gonatocerus sp. (Fig. 3E)

Specimens examined: INDIA: Kerala, Kannur, Nellikkapalam, 28.x1.2013, sweep net, coll. Rajesh, K.M.; INDIA: Kerala, Alappuzha, Kainakari, 5.11.2013, sweep net, coll. Ranjith, A.P.

Gonatocerus aegyptiacus | is the numerically abundant mymarid species collected and distributed in nine districts viz: Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, Palakkad, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Alappuzha and Thiruvananthapuram. Gonatocerus longicornis is the second dominant species recorded in 10 districts except Kottayam, Idukki, Pathanamthitta and Palakkad. Mymarid species richness in Kannur district was the highest with eight species viz: (G. aegyptiacus, G. shamimi, G. longicornis, Lymaenon aureus, L. narayani, Palaeoneura bagicha and Gonatocerus sp.),

K.M. Rajesh, Shahid Bin Zeya, A.P. Ranjith & M. Nasser

Table 1. The distribution of Mymaridae in Rice-Agroecosystems of Kerala

Species

Gonatocerus longicornis Nees, 1834

Kollam — Kundara : 8°58'05.6"N 76°40'24.3"E

Malappuram — Valanchery : 10°53'08.4"N 76°04'41.4"E Ernakulam — Thuruthikkara : 9°53'17.0"N 76°24'13.1"E Panamaram—Wayanad : 11?44'09.7"N 76°04'38.4"E

Wayanad — Kambalakkadu : 11°40'31.1"N 76°04'39.3"E Thiruvananthapuram — Amaravila : 8°23'50.0"N 77°06'26.1"E Thiruvananthapuram —Kadakkavoor : 8°41'02.1"N 76?46'43.8"E Ernakulam — Thuruthikkara : 9°53'17.0"N 76°24'13.1"E Thrissur— Ottapilavu : 10°38'36.0"N 76°04'13.5"E

Kozhikode — Mundoth : 11?27'04.4"N 75°45'08.9"E

Kannur — Kaiveli : 12°03'00.1"N 75°19'38.5"E

Alappuzha — Kainakari : 9°30'58.5"N 76?23'31.8"E

Kannur — Kudukkimotta : 11?54'57.0"N 75?26'55.8"E

Kasaragode — Pallikkara : 12?25'17.7"N 75?01'57.3"E

54

New distributional records of fairyflies from rice—agroecosystems of Kerala

Gonatocerus aegyptiacus Soyka, 1950 Thrissur— Mullakkara : 10°27'07.9"N 76°10'57.3"E Palakkad — Thenur : 10°47'42.5"N 76°32'26.7"E Ernakulam — Thuruthikkara : 9°53'17.0"N 76°24'13.1"E Kozhikode — Mundoth : 11?27'04.4"N 75°45'08.9"E Wayanad — Kambalakkad : 11?40'31.1"N 76°04'39.3"E Kannur — Nellikkapalam : 11?57'41.6"N 75?26'40.9"E Alappuzha — Kainakari : 9°30'58.5"N 76?23'31.8"E Thiruvananthapuram — Amaravila : 8°23'50.0"N 77°06'26.1"E Malappuram — Kalachal : 10°45'30.4"N 76?00'57.7"E Kannur — Maniyoor : 11°33'50.6"N 75°39'36.2"E Malappuram — Valanchery ` 10°53'08.4"N 76%04'41.4"E Gonatocerus shamimi Subba Rao and Hayat, 1986 Malappuram — Valanchery ` 10°53'08.4"N 76°04'41.4"E Palakkad — Thenur : 10?47'42.5"N 76°32'26.7"E Kozhikode — Mundoth : 11?27'04.4"N 75?45'08.9"E Thiruvananthapuram — Amaravila : 8°23'50.0"N 77°06'26.1"E

Kannur — Kaiveli : 12°03'00.1"N 75°19'38.5"E

Lymaenon munnarus (Mani and Saraswat, 1973) Pathanamthitta — Thiruvalla : 9°22'43.9"N 76°35'18.6"E

Thiruvananthapuram — Kadakkavoor : 8°41'02.1"N 76°46'43.8"E

55

K.M. Rajesh, Shahid Bin Zeya, A.P. Ranjith & M. Nasser

Palakkad — Thenur : 10°47'42.5"N 76°32'26.7"E Wayanad — Kambalakkadu : 11°40'31.1"N 76?04'39.3"E Malappuram — Valanchery : 10°53'08.4"N 76°04'41.4"E

Thirissur — Ottapilavu : 10°38'36.0"N 76°04'13.5"E

Ernakulam — Thuruthikkara : 9°53'17.0"N 76°24'13.1"E Lymaenon aureus (Girault, 191 1) Kottayam a Changanassery : 9?25'03.0"N 76°31'26.9"E

Palakkad — Thenur : 10°47'42.5"N 76°32'26.7"E

Kannur — Nellikkapalam : 11°57'41.6"N 75°26'40.9"E

Lymaenon narayani Subba Rao and Kaur, 1959 Kannur — Nellikkapalam : 11°57'41.6"N 75?26'40.9"E

Palaeoneura bagicha (Narayanan, Subba Rao and | Kannur- Kaiveli : 12?03'00.1"N 75°19'38.5"E Kaur, 1960)

Mymar schwanni Girault, 1912 Alappuzha — Kainakari : 9°30'58.5"N 76°23'31.8"E Ernakulam — Thuruthikkara : 9°53'17.0"N 76?24'13.1"E Gonatocerus sp. Kannur — Nellikkapalam : 11°57'41.6"N 75?26'40.9"E

Alappuzha — Kainakari : 9°30'58.5"N 76°23'31.8"E

56

New distributional records of fairyflies from rice—agroecosystems of Kerala

followed by Alappuzha (G. longicornis, G. aegyptiacus, Mymar schwanni, Anagrus sp. and Gonatocerus sp.), species richness is least in Kottayam (L. aureus only) and Kollam (G. longicornis only) districts (Table 1).

Discussion

Out of the 1424 species reported from 103 genera worlwide, only 194 species under 38 genera are known from the Indian subcontinent that constitute 32.8 and 11.9 per cent of world

genera and species respectively (Manickavasagam and Athithya, 2018). Manickavasagam and Athithya in 2018

constructed the very latest checklist of Indian mymarids, with five genera viz., Allanagrus, Dorya, Platystethynium, Schizophragma and Stephanocampta were newly recorded, four genera viz., Cosmocomoidea, | Lymaenon, Tanyxiphium and Zeyanus were added during reclassification of Gonatocerus, 56 new species were described and 12 first reports of species were made from India. Seven species viz., Acmopolynema | shrawastianum, Erythmelus lygivorus, Gonatocerus sulphuripes, G. tarae, G. pahlgamensis, G. similis and Polynema huberi were | synonymized and one species misidentified.

Distribution status of the Mymaridae from Kerala is comparatively wider as 35 species under 14 genera were recorded earlier. Most of the mymarids were reported as solitary/ gregarious egg parasitoids of the plant/leaf hoppers (Huber and Rajakulendran, 1988). Present study extended the distribution status of mymarids in the rice agroecosystems with the first report of species G. aegyptiacus from south India. The distribution of G. aegyptiacus is found to be very wide as it extended from Holarctic to the Oriental regions (Soyka, 1950; Sahad, 1982; Sahad and Hirashima, 1984; Subba Rao and Hayat, 1986; Donev, 2003).

The present study also portraits the distribution and abundance of fairyflies in the rice fields as ten species under five genera were reported exclusively from rice fields of Kerala.

Among the studied species, the speciose genus, Gonatocerus is numerically abundant with 26 specimens from four species. This result is well in line with the study of Rameshkumar ef al. (2011b) as 13 species were already recorded

57

from the Kerala state. In addition to this the distribution of the species listed in the present study apparently confirms the biological association of the genus with the rice agroecosystems as the species G. longicornis and G. shamimi were already recorded from rice paddy ecosystems. Most of the Gonatocerus species are already reported from north Indian states but the extended distribution of Gonatocerus (G. ater Foerster, 1841, G. bakrotus Mani and Saraswat, 1973, G. bashai Zeya, 1995, G. bouceki Zeya, 1995, G. delhiensis (Narayanan and Subba Rao, 1961) and G. shamimi) indicates that the genus has a wider distribution status within the Indian subcontinent than reported earlier (Zeya and Hayat, 1995; Rameshkumar er al., 2011a,b).

Despite the wide distribution of Indian Gonatocerus, some species are found to be endemic to south India like G. berijamus Mani and Saraswat, 1973 and G. kodaianus (Mani and Saraswat, 1973) (Rameshkumar er al., 2011a, b). Similarly all the Lymaenon species collected during the present study were already recorded from the rice paddy ecosystems (Rameshkumar et al., 2011b).

In 2017, Amer et al. conducted a survey on Indian mymarids, and they provided many new distribution reports from all over India.

As mentioned in the results the 10 species recorded in the present study from rice ecosystems of Kerala are distributed across many states of India. This study has recorded additional mymarid species as possible parasitoids of pests of rice. In addition to this L. narayani earlier recorded as a parasitoid of Eucoccosterphus tuberculatus (Hemiptera: Membracidae) (Zeya and Hayat, 1995) has now been collected from rice fields which opens up the possibilty of an alternate host for the parasitoid species as membracids are usually not seen in rice fields. Additionally, more detailed survey with emphasis on host rearing will help in providing the host association of mymarids which will help to facilitate the adoption and designing of biocontrol strategies to control pests of rice using mymarids.

Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate

K.M. Rajesh, Shahid Bin Zeya, A.P. Ranjith & M. Nasser

Change, New Delhi. We would like to express thanks to Dr. Santhosh S., Assistant Professor. Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode for providing facilities during photographic session. We also thankful to Mrs. Bindu, Assistant Professor in Geography, H.M. College of Science and Technology, Manjeri for her valuable help during the preparation of distribution map.

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ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online) HALTERES, Volume 10, 62-74, 2019 @ YURIY VERVES doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3594368

Review of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of North African countries with new faunistic data from Algeria

Yuriy Verves

Department of Ecological Monitoring, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Academician Lebedev Str. 37, Kyiv, Ukraine, 03143.

(Email: yuryverves (? gmail.com) Abstract

A total of 199 sarcophagid species are listed from North African region, including Algeria (84 species), Azores (17), Canary Is. (33), Ceuta & Melilla (2), Egypt (116), Libya (24, Madeira Is. (7), Malta (43), Morocco (49), and Tunisia (45). 20 species have been collected in Oum El Bouaghi forest, including one species new for science (Sarcophila khrokaloe sp. n.) and 10 species first recorded from Algeria (Metopia argyrocephala, | Paragusia multipunctata, | Phrosinella | fedtshenkoi, | Helicophagella novercoides, Artamonoviella monspellensia, Heteronychia uncicurva, Thyrsocnema belgiana, Liosarcophaga catalunya, L. portschinskyi, L. teretirostris).

Keywords: Sarcophagidae, North Africa, Algeria, fauna, new species.

Received: 5 July 2019; Revised: 19 November 2019; Online: 31 December 2019

Introduction

Altogether (including present data) Séguy, 1930, 1939, 1940a, b, 1941c, d, 1949, 199 sarcophagid species (Enderlein (1928), 1953; Tliqui et al., 2007; Verves, 1993b), Lehrer (1995, 2003a), Pape (1996); Povolny, Canary Is. (Báez, 1980; Báez & Garcia, 2004; 1992; Rohdendorf (1930, 1935, 1937, 1971, Becker, 1908a; Carles-Tolrá, 2002, Lehrer & 1975), Salem (1938a, b), Séguy (1941a, b), Báez, 1986; Peris et al., 1996, 2001; Verves & Sotiraki er al. (2010), Verves (1982, 1985, Barták, 2017; Villeneuve, 1908), Madeira Is. 1986, 1993a, b), Verves & Khrokalo (2006, (Becker, 1908b; Pape, 1986, 1990), Azores 2015, 2017), Verves et al. (2015), Villeneuve (Séguy, 1936; Kehlmaier, 1998). A brief (1910, 1912a, b), Whitmore (2011) have been review of studies of Algerian sarcophagids recorded from the North African territory. with a checklist of 74 species was published in Country faunas from within this region have my previous article (Verves, 2017). To been explored by many authors, the most compile the existing data here I present a significant ones being: Egypt (Abd El-Halim checklist of 84 species. et al., 2005, 2009; Becker, 1902, 1903; El- Ahmady et al., 2015; El-Hawagry & El-Azab, Materials and Methods 2019; Helal ef al., 1981; Lehrer 2003a; The commune of Oum El Bouaghi is Mohamed & Abdel-Rahman, 1985; located in the north-east of Algeria in the Rohdendorf, 1934; Salem, 1935, 1936, 1940; Constantine Highlands on area of 7638.13 Salwa & Abdel-Rahman, 1983; Shaumar & kn?. This commune is located in the high Kamal, 1984; Steyskal & El-Bialy, 1967; Constantine plains, between the mountain Tantawi et al., 1996, 2018); Libya (Séguy, regions. It bends from the north to the south 1935; Venturi, 1960); Malta (Gatt & Ebejer, where it passes from an altitude of 1635 m 2014; Schembri et al., 1991; Venturi, 1960; (Jebel sidiR'ghiss) in the North, to 808m Villeneuve, 1910; Wyatt, 1991), Tunisia (Garaa of Tarf) to the South. 57 specimens of (Bezzi, 1922; Gatt & Ebejer, 2014; Mathis, sarcophagids have been collected in Oum El 1957; Séguy, 1934), Spanish North Africa Bouaghi forest, 1210 m, 35.899, 7.129, pt., (Peris et al., 1996), Morocco (Becker & Stein, 1V.2016, by Mr. N. Baba Aissa and were sent 1914; Delanoé, 1922; El-Abrak et al., 2002; to me by Prof. Miroslav Barták (Czech El-Mezouari et al., 2014; Farkas et al., 2003; University of Life Sciences, Praha) for study. Lmimouni et al., 2004; Romli et al., 2010; Author follows classification of Verves (1986)

62

Review of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of North African countries with new faunistic data from Algeria

and Verves & Khrokalo (2006) in order of species in check list. The material was examined under Nikon SMZ 1500 stereozoom

microscope. Abbreviations of ` morphological features: acr - acrostichal seta; ad -

anterodorsal seta; ap - apical seta; bas - basal seta; d - discal seta; dc - dorsocentral seta; dm- cu - discal medial cubital crossvein; f? - mid femur; fr - frontal seta; h - humeral seta; ia - intraalar seta; ivt - inner vertical seta; kepst - katepisternal seta; M - medial vein; npl - notopleural seta; oc - ocellar seta; orb - orbital seta; ovt - outer vertical seta; ph - posthumeral seta; poc - postocellar seta; pocl - postorbital seta; R; - first longitudinal vein; R>,;- second longitudinal vein; R,,5 - third longitudinal vein; r5 - first posterior cell; subap - subapical seta; f; - fore tibia.

I provide here a checklist of Sarcophagidae for all the North African countries (Table 1).

Results Description of a new species Sarcophila khrokaloe Verves, sp. n. Figures: 1-2

urn:Isid:zoobank.org:act:40F60453-31A3- 488C-A4A E-22258D720D30

Male. Head: Black, thickly silver grey pollinated; antennae and palpi black. Eyes bare, dichoptic, separated at vertex 0.40x, at level of antennal base 0.36x of head width. Frontal vitta 1.67x widened backward, matt grey, with distinct grey-silver dusting around matt black ocellar triangle, about 2x as wide as one of parafrontalia just in front of anterior ocellus. Parafrontalia silver grey dusted, in addition to strong orb and fr, and with a longitudinal row of 4-6 small setae along the edge of the eye between the fore orb and fore fr. Two regular rows of pocl present; fr 6; orb 2-1; oc strong and long, directed laterodorsally; poc weak and elongate; ovt and ivt well developed. Parafacialia at level of antennal base 0.26x of head length, silver grey dusted, with a single irregular row of the mid- long fine black setae. Face distinctly widened forwardly to vibrissal angles, silver grey dusted, with broad facial carina. Facial ridge bare, vibrissae well developed. Genae 0.22x of head-height, thickly silver-grey dusted, clothed with numerous black setae. Genal groove

63

blackish grey, bare. Postgenae black, largely clothed with mid-long black hairs. Occiput black, covered with black hairs. Pedicel matt black, its surface across pedicelar bristle orange yellow. First flagellomere matt black, about 1.8-2.0x as long as pedicel. Arista widened in basal 1/3, black, long plumose. Palpi entirely black, distinctly widened apically.

Thorax: Black, light grey-dusted, covered with black hairs. Dorsum marked with broad median, a pair of approximated narrow submedian and two lateral broad longitudinal black stripes on prescutum and scutum, each more distinctly visible when viewed from behind; only the median one reaches the end of scutellum. Humeri, notopleura, sternopleura and scutellum distinctly yellowish grey- dusted; thoracic spiracles yellowish white. Prosternum and propleuron bare, the other pleura with setae. acr 1+1; dc 2+3; ia 0+3; h 3; ph 1, npl 2, kepst 2+1. Scutellum with long strong pair of ap and more short fine subap, bas and d.

Wings: Membrane hyaline; veins yellowish brown; epaulet and basicosta yellowish white; subcostal sclerite yellowish brown. Costal spine small, unclear; R; and R243 bare; R45 with a row of black setae from basal node to the intersection with r-m above; node of R;.; and R,,5 with a few black setae below. The ratio of 3' and 5" costal sections is 1:1.4. Cell rs open; the last section of M curved at a blunt almost right angle; dm-cu sigmoid. Both calypteres white, slightly grayish, halteres yellow.

Legs: Black. Claws curved, distinctly shortened than 5” tarsomere; pulvilli ovale equal to claws in length; t; with 3 ad; f without ctenidium.

Abdomen: Grey dusted, with shining black dorsal drawing. 1+2™ tergite with 3 (medial and two lateral) longitudinal bands; each of 3-5" tergites with 3 triangled hind spots. Middle longitudinal spots reach to the fore margins of 3“ and 4" tergites, and lateral spots oval, located in hind 0.5-0.6; 5" tergite with 3 rounded unclear spots in hind part.

Terminalia: Black, grey dusted. Narrowed apical part of cercus subulate, not serrated, shorter than widened basal one. Surstylus is separated by a deep oval cut on the upper and lower parts; the latter carries a vertical row of setae from the cut to the lower corner and numerous apical hairs (Fig. 1). Pregonites s-

Yuriy Verves

like curved, pointed on apex; postgonites leaf- shaped in the apical part, with numerous hairs bearing particular dorsolateral site. Aedeagus with short apical hook and special membrane lobe located below. Hypophallus consists of a thickened hairy basal part and a narrow and long rod-shaped apical one located at an obtuse angle (Fig. 2).

Female: unknown.

Measurement: Holotype (male): Body length: 5.5 mm.

Etymology: The specific name is given in honour of my wife, well known Ukrainiaan entomologist Dr. Liudmyla A. Khrokalo (National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine).

Type material: Holotype 5: Algeria, Oum El Bouaghi forest, 1210m, 35.899, 7.129, pt., 1v.2016. Holotype is deposited in collection of Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.

Comparison: This species is related to Sarcophila dayanella Lehrer, 2003 (Fig. 3) from Syria and Sarcophila navara Lehrer, 2003 (Fig. 4) from Israel by a single row of black setae on parafacials, by shortened apical part of cercus and by strongly curved hypophallus, but differs by absence of spines of apical part of cercus, by presence of a vertical row of setae on lower part of surstylus, and pointed aedeagus.

Ecology: forest species.

Probably, | mesophilous

List of Algerian Sarcophagidae, collected in Oum El Bouaghi forest! 1. Metopia (s.str.) (Meigen, 1824)*”: 1 d. 2. Paragusia multipunctata (Rondani, 1859)*: 1 À. 3. Phrosinella (s. str.) (Rohdendorf, 1925)*: 1 4. 4. Sarcophila khrokaloe sp. n.*: 1 8. 5. Blaesoxipha rufipes (Macquart, 1839) [Verves, 1985, 2017]: 1 9.

argyrocephala

fedtshenkoi

* The sequence of species in the list corresponds to the system of family adopted by Verves (1986). ? * - firstly recorded to Algerian fauna.

64

6. Helicophagella (s. str.) novercoides Böttcher, 1913*: 3 à.

7. Artamonoviella monspellensia (Böttcher, 1913)*: 2 3.

8. Heteronychia (Ctenodasypygia) minima (Rondani, 1862) [Verves, 2017; Villeneuve, 1911; Whitmore, 2011): 9 4.

9. H. (C) thirionae (Lehrer, 1976) [Verves, 2017; Whitmore, 2009]: 2 4.

10. H. (C.) uncicurva Pandellé, 1896*: 1 d, 19.

11. H. (C.) villeneuveana (Enderlein, 1928) [Enderlein, 1928]: 1 £.

12. H. (s. str.) pandellei (Rohdendorf, 1937) [Rohdendorf, 1937; Verves, 2017]: 3 4.

13. Karovia hirticrus (Pandellé, 1896) [Bóttcher, 1912; Verves, 2017]: 6 8.

14. Myorhina (s. str.) nigriventris (Meigen, 1826) [Séguy, 1941; Verves, 2017]: 7 3, 19.

15. Thyrsocnema belgiana Lehrer, 1976*: J

16. Bercaea africa (Wiedemann, 1824) [James, 1947; Verves, 2017]: 3 3.

17. Liosarcophaga (s. str.) catalunya Lehrer, 2008*: 1 4

18. L. (s. str.) marshalli (Parker, 1923) [El-Hawagry & El-Azab, 2019]: 4 3.

19. L. (s. str.) portschinskyi (Rohdendorf, 1937)*: 1 4.

20. L. (s. str.) 1896)*: 8 £.

teretirostris (Pandellé,

Discussion

A total of 199 sarcophagid species are known from North African region. Regional faunas of North Africa are not studied in detail: their review (including the results of present paper) is given in Table 1l. The regional cadastres present not less than 80- 90% of full special lists of depleted island ecosystems, such as Azores (17 species), Canary Is. (33), Madeira (7) and Malta (45). Among continental countries, the most of the studies are designated for Egypt (116) and Algeria (84). The faunistic lists at level 20- 40% are known for Morocco (49) Tunisia (45) and Libya (24). Only two species are known from the enclave area Ceuta & Melilla.

* The references to previous publications about the collection of this species in Algeria are given in square brackets.

Review of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of North African countries with new faunistic data from Algeria

Figures 1-4: Male genitalia (lateral view) of Sarcophila khrokaloe sp. n. [1. cercus and surstylus; 2. aedeagus and gonites, orig.]; after Lehrer, 2003b: S. dayaniella Lehrer, 2003 [3] and S. navara Lehrer, 2003 [4]. A. cercus and surstylus; B. aedeagus; C. apical part of hypophallus; D. postgonite; E. pregonite.

Acknowledgements Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Author is thankful to Prof., Dr. Sci. Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic) for sending Miroslav Barták (Department of Zoology and dry flies.

Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and

65

Yuriy Verves

Table 1

List of species of Sarcophagidae from different North African countries

Species Countries and islands (in direction from West to East)

Macronychia (s. str.)

lemariei Jacentkovsky, 1941 (2 sp.) Macronychiinae, sum enotainia (Arrenopus) albifrons (Rondani, 1859) S. (s. str.) aegyptiaca Rohdendorf, 1935 S. (s. str.) caspica Rohdendorf, 1935 S. (s. str.) deserta Rohdendorf, 1935 S. (s. str.) efflatouni (Rohdendorf, 1935) S. (s. str.) tricuspis (Meigen, 1838) Eremasiomya macularis (Wiedemann, 1824) E. meridionalis (Rohdendorf, 1927) E. nigra Rohdendorf, 1935 E. thereomyioides Rohdendorf, 1935 Protomiltogramma aegyptiaca (Rohdendorf, 1934) P. fasciata (Meigen, 1824) P. immunita (Villeneuve, 1923), comb. n. P. obscurior (Villeneuve, 1916) Pterella convergens (Pandellé, 1895) P. grisea (Meigen, 1824) P. melanura (Meigen, 1824) P. nigrofasciata (Rohdendorf, 1935) Achaetocephalon nudum (Rohdendorf, 1934) Anacanthothecum testaceifrons ( Roser, 1840) Capnopteron africanum (Verves, 1979)

C. maroccanum (Séguy, 1941) Cylindrothecum ibericum (Villeneuve, 1912) Efflatounomyia albidopilosa Rohdendorf, 1934 E. pardalina Rohdendorf, 1934

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SE e EE a] A

Ee SET le EE éi E MGE d EE ID DEE EE p| se | lee le El EE À AA emas eee tele suis un ol em

^ Legend: “+” — species recorded after previous publications; “*” - species firstly recorded; “-” — species not recorded.

66

Review of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of North African countries with new faunistic data from Algeria

[33 | M. oestracea (Fallén, 1870 | ++ | | | - |+|- | - [+ | + | | 34 | M. punctata Meigen, (8724 TL tT - | - |+ +|-|- | + | | 35 | M. ruficornis Meigen, 1824 Te 1-|-|-|- |- | - [|+ |- | - | 36 | M. tunesica (Enderlein, 19360)... f (f |-|-|-|-|- |- + | -|- | - | [37 | M. villeneuvei Verves, 1987 | - | - | - | - | - |- | > | - | + | | 38 | Miltogrammidium albifacies (Villeneuve, 1929) | - | - | - | - | - |-|-|-|-|+ | [39 | M. chivae (Rohdendorf, 1935) C ^ |-|-]|-]|-|-|-|-|-1-] +1 | 40 | M. efflatouni (Rohdendorf, 19341 Te |-|-|-|[- |-|-[-[-[( + | | 41 | M. rutilans Meigen, 1821 | - | - | -|- | + Pe Te Pe] | 42 | Craticulina barbifera (Pandellé, 1895) — — |- |-|-|-|- |-|-|-|-]| + | | 43 | C bequaerti Venturi, (098 — [|[-|-|-|*| - |-|-[|-|-| +1 44 | C. diffusa Villeneuve, 1034. — eT [| - Lisi: | +1 | 45 | C. tabaniformis (Fabricius, 1805) — — | - |-|-|*| - |+ | - |+ |+ | + | | 46 | Apodacra chrysocephala Rohdendorf, 19295 | - | - | - | - | - |- | - |- | - | + | 47 | A. seriemaculata Macquart, 1934 | - | - [+]. | - |-|- | - | - [+ | | 48 | Xeromyia africana (Rohdendorf, 1930) — — | - | - | - | +] + |- | - | - |- | - | | 49 | X.algiralis (Séguy, 1941) — — |- -|-|- | - |+ -|-|- | + | | 50 | X. dasystigma (Rohdendorf, 1934) — fe |-|-|-|[- 1l-1-|]-|-l| + | 51 | X. merei (Séguy, 19411 Lil: pp. [-[-[ -| | 52 | X. orthogona (Rohdendorf, 1925) Te | + | -|-f + |- - |-|- | + | | 53 |X.stenorhina (Rohdendorf, 1934) | + | - | | | - |-[|-[-[-| * | | 54 | X. sulcata (Villeneuve, 1933) | - | -|- - | + [-[- |- | 55 | Xerophilomyia cyprica (Rondani, 1859) — | - |-|-|-| - [- |- |- | | 56 | X. nigropicta Rohdendorf, 1934 Te |-|-|[-|- |-|-|-| | 57 | X. plumipes (Villeneuve, 1933) — — — |- |-|-|*|- [- + |- | | 58 | Amobia oculata Zetterstedt, 1844) | - | - | - | - | - [+ |- |- | | 59 | A. signata Meigen, 18201 (fff [+ | -|+|+| - [+ |+ |+ | + | 60 | Sphecapatodes ornatus Villeneuve, 1917 | - | - | - | - | - | - |+ |- | ia ona | a] ea | 62 | Hoplacephala hirtifrons (Villeneuve, 1929) — | - | - | - | - | - |-|-[|-[-[( + | | 63 | Prohoplacephala hafezi Rohdendorf, 1975) | - | - | - | - | - Ir | 64 | Metopodia pilicornis (Pandellé, 1895) — — | + |-|-|-|- [+] - |- |- | - | | 65 | Alusomyia transfuga Villeneuve, 1933. — | - | - | - | - | - |- | - -|- | +1 | 66 | Sphecapatoclea excisa Villeneuve, 1909 — | - | - | - | - | - |- | - | - | - | + | 67 | S. ghoulensis Rohdendorf, 1975... | - | - | -|-[| + |- - |-|- | + [68 | S. minor Villeneuve, 1917 Lil: |+ -|- |- | - | 69 | Metopia argyrocephala (Meigen, 1824) |-|-|-|-|- |*|-|-|-]| - | | 70 | Phrosinella fedtshenkoi Rohdendorf, 1925. — | - | - | - | - | - |* - |- |- | - | | 71 | P. nasuta Meigen, 1824) Lil: |+ -|- |+ | + | | 72 | P. zarudnoji Rohdendorf, (911 f | + |-|-|-|- |- | - |-|- | + | 73 | Hilarella hilarella (Zetterstedt, 1844) J | + | + |+ | - | + |- | - |- |- | - | | 74 | H. stictica (Meigen, 1830) |-|-|-|]-|- [+ -[-[-| - | | 75 | Paragusia albina (Rohdendorf, 1035) — — |- |-|-|-|- |-|-[|-[-|*| | 76 | P. elegantula (Zetterstedt, 1844) | + |-|-|]-|- |-|- >). * | HT Lips Rondani Ir IECH Ärch | 78 | Taxigramma heteroneura (Meigen, 1830) — | - | - + |+ | - [+ |- | - | M — i D dd Cd asus (Villeneuve, 1933) 80 [S (E) efftarouni (Villeneuve, 1983) A ac eran A [82 | S. (Sahararaba) elegans Rohdendorf, 1971) | - | - | - | - | - |- |- L- |- |+ | | (80 sp.) Miltogramminaesum n . . |2|-|8]|14 - |23|12/9|7]| 61 |

67

Yuriy Verves

[83 | Sarcotachina aegyptiaca Villeneuve, 1910 | - |- |-|- | - [+ ]-[- I-I + | [84 [S umbrinervis Villeneuve, 1910 — |-|- |-|- |-|- C sp.) Eumacronyehiimae, sum — ER ES - apa - 2 [ 85 | Nyctia halterata (Panzer, 1798) — |-|- [- [| - [+ ES I+ |a] + LE [N lugubris Maegan 1880) Lf PY Dee Po PT [87 [Agria affinis Fallen, 1817) Tee lp rel otero [88 | Blaesoxiphella brevicornis Villeneuve; 1912 | - |- |- |- |- [+ |-|- EES EN a le [90 [S latifrons Fallen, 1817) — — |- EES ES ESEESEER [91 | S meridionalis Rohdendorf er Verves, ES ES |+- [93 [Smavamléhmr2009- - E E= [93 | Wohifahrtia aschersoni Enderiein, 1934) | - |- |-|- |- |---|- [94 [W.bella(Macqua 1839) — -|-trfel-[rl+l-|-|+. [95 |W.brumnipalpis(Macquar, 1851) |-|- |---|- |+- |- [96 |W. erythrocera Villeneuve, 1910 — |-|- |-|- +- ter 97 |W. indigens Villeneuve, 198 |-|- |+|- |+|- [98 |W. magnifica Schiner, 186) — PT Tol pelo |+|- [99 |W. nuba Wiedemann, 1830) |-|- l-l- [- I+ |- I-I + | 100 |W. trina (Wiedemann, 1330) — |. |- al lo fetal otero 101 |W.wlleneweiSalem 1938 — |-|- |-|- |+|- 102 | Wohifahrtiodes aemulus Séguy, 1940 |-|- |-|- Terol lo] [105 | W.nudus Villeneuve, 1910 — |-|- - [- I-I. I-I + (19 sp) Paramacronychiinae, sum d3[-[5]5|- AA ON 104 | Agriella algeriensis (Townsend, 1919) — |-|- |-|- | ES ES |-| 7105 | 4. pandellei Villeneuve, 1911 — — |-|- |-|- fetal o | - | 7106 | 4. rufescens (Villeneuve, 1928; — |-|- |-|- Ter lot [107 [A setosa Salem, 1938 — — — — —|-|-[-|- | - [- I+ |[- +s] z 108 | Agriella tunisia (Pape, 199) — — — |-|-[-|- I [- I+ | > 109 | Blaesoxipha cochlearis Pandellé ER |-|- | - |+- |-|- 110 [B colorata Verves, 1985 — — [-|-[-|- | ES ES EESEESEER "rit |B. dupuisi Léonide et Léonide, 1973 — |-|-[-|- -e T [12 | 8. grylloctona Low, 861 —— — — J|*|-|-|-|- [=] =] [< | [113 | B. laticornis (Meigen, 1826) > |-|- ll A 114 | B.litoralis (Villeneuve, 1911) |-|- |--O 7115 | 8. misrielia Leber, e -|--|-|-|--|-|-|+. 7116] 8. pygmaea Zetterstedt, 1848) > |- |--O 117 |B; redempta (Pandellé, 1896) — |-|- |+l+l - [+ |+ |+ z] z [II 8. rufipes (Macquart, 1839) —— |+|- [+ | eat Ecke) 119 | B. subcochlearis Séguy, 1932 — |-|- | ES [120 | 8. ungulata (Pandellé, 1896) —— |-|- |- ga C121 Servaisia (e s) rose Vienes DID | [== Pe pai EE E rene +

123 | Helicophagella (s. str. ) noverca (Rondani, 1860)

H.(s. str.) novercoides (Bóttcher, 1913) mms: H.(s. str.) rosellei (Bóttcher, 1912) alt

GREG

[126 | H. (Parabellieria) maculata (Meigen, 1835) | € | - | € | € | - | [127 | H.(P.) melanura (Meigen, 1826) — — — |-|-|*|*| - |*|*|* [128 | Beziella (Brasia) kadeisi (Salem, 1938) | - | - | - | - | - | enana open Boucher IBID | -f LE ILL [x se [em |

Heteronychia (Asceloctis) anum (Pape, III: 1990)

Review of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of North African countries with new faunistic data from Algeria

132 | H.(A)balanina (Pandellé, 1890 — | + |-|-|*| - |-|-|]-|]-|-- [133 | H.(4.) desertorum (Salem, 1935) — | TT - |]-|-|-]- L + | HH feros ienee fn at pee ef RIGA ES ie Se sena ener ió | LL ll. +

137 H. (Ctenodasypygia) graeca (Rohdendorf AR n c o zer 1937)

[138 | H. (C.) minima (Rondani, 1862) — |- | - | - | t | - [+ |+ |+ | - | + [139 | H. (C.) penicillata (Villeneuve, 190) — | - | - | - | t | - | *|*|*|- | - | [140 | H.(C)santospintosi (Lehrer & Báez, 1986) | - | - [|*|-| - |-|-|-|- | -- [141 |H.(C)siciliensis Böttcher, 19135 — — — | - |- | +] - | - |-|-|-|- | * | [142 | H.(C.)thirionae (Lehre, 197 — — — |-|-|-|-| - |*]-|]-]-|--— [143 | H. (C.)tricolor (Villeneuve, 1908) | - | - | +] - | - | -|-|-|- | - | DERE [145 | H.(C)villeneuveana (Enderlein, 1928) | - | - | ENESENESESESEN

146 H. (S. str.) amica Peris, Gonzalez: Mora et Mingo, 1998

EC BIO TUO C WESCE ssp EUER ERA [149 | H.(s.str)consanguinea (Rondani, 860) ` | - | - | - | - | - | *|-|-|- | - | [150 | H. (s. str.) depressifrons (Zetterstedt, 1845) | - | - | - |- | - |-|-|*|]-|-- 151 | H. (s. str.) haemorrhoides (Böttcher, 1913) | - | - | - | - | - | - |- |*|- | - | [152 | H. (s. str )metopina (Villeneuve, 190 — | + |-|*|-| - |]-|]-|]-|]-| -- | 153 | H. (s. str.) pandellei (Rohdendorf, 1937) —— | - | - | - | - | - | *|*|-|-| - | | 154 | H. (s. str.) proxima (Rondani, 1860 | - | - | - |- | - |-|-[|-|*[| - | [155 | H. (s. str.) tunisiae Whitmore, 201) — |-|-|-|-|- |-|*]-|]-|-- [156 | H. (Pandelleola) filia Rondani, 1860) — — | - | - | - | +] - | - |-|*|- | - | [157 | H. (P.) sicilia (Pape, 1996) T | -|-|-|-|-|-|-[+|-|- [158 | Karovia hirticrus (Pandellé, 1896) — | - | - | - | - | - | *|-|*|- | - | [159 | Notoecus longestylatus (Strobl, 1906) J | - | - | - | t | - | *|*|-|- | - | [160 | Krameromyia anaces (Walker, 1849) | - | - | - | - | - |*|-|-|- | - | [161 | Myorhina (s. str.) nigriventris (Meigen,1826) | - | - | - | c | - |+ |+ |+ |+ - | [162 | M.(sstr) soror (Rondani, 1860) —— | - | - | + Ez

[163 | Pandelleana berberina Lehrer, 2003 |

Pie en EI E |e pens pere [e [e [165 | Sarina sexpunctata (Fabricius, 1809) | - | - | +] - | - |- |-|-|- | - | Tas keck tt ease Ee

Phytosarcophaga (s. str.) destructor (Malloch, ECTE 1929)

Bercaea africa (Wiedemann, 1824)

171 | Liopygia (Engelisca) surcoufi (Villeneuve, 1913)

L. (Jantia) crassipalpis (Macquart, 1839) EE EE EE EE +

173 | L. (Thomsonea) argyrostoma (Robineau- EY Desvoidy, 1830) Liosarcophaga (Curranea) tibialis (Macquart, presa 1851)

area EE [177 LAs. str) deviedmai (Lehrer & Baez, 1986) | - | - |+|- |- |- | - |- | - [178 |L(sstr)dux(Thomson 1869 [«*[-[*[*| - [-I+ + +I + |

69

Yuriy Verves

[179 | LAs. str.) ismailiana Lehrer, 1998 — — | + | ++ Pap |-|]-|]-|]-| + [180 | L. (s. str.) jacobsoni (Rohdendorf, 1937) — — | + | - | c | +] + | *|*|*|- | + | P18) [ls A A MEME

183 | L.(s. str.) mennae (El-Ahmady, Taha, Soliman & El-Hawagry, 2018)

L.(s. str.) parkeri (Rohdendorf, 1937) omg IT TRUE

L.(s. str.) pharaonis (Rohdendorf, 1934) F REN ERES M n L.(s. str.) portschinskyi (Rohdendorf, 1937) ooo EE EE L.(s. str.) redux (Walker, 1582) FA]

L (Pandelleisca) similis (Meade, 1876) EES L. (Pharaonops) tewfiki (Salem, 1940) lapa | - |-[- [- | - |

192 | Parasarcophaga (s. str.) albiceps (Meigen, 1826)

[193 | P.(s. str) hirtipes (Wiedemann, ER ER + | | I. - + 194 Stackelbergeola grueti Lehrer, 2000 —— |-|- |---|- |-|- [195 | Sarcophaga carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758) _[-|-[-[-|-|-[-[+|-| -_ [196 |S$lehmamiMille 122 — — Tele pelo ES ES z | 197 | S marcellecieregi Lehrer, 1975 |-|- |- L-L- op [198 | S subvicina Rohdendorf, 1937 —— — |-|-|-|- | EES + |. - 1 - 199 $ variegata (Scopoli, 1763) |. I-I. ES ES ES +o Ls (96 sp.) Sarcophaginae sum ra [7 [20|29| 2 [46|28|31 10 | + - Sarcophagidae total n [7]s3]4 | 2 [84 [45 [43 |24 | 16.

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